TABLE I.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Children (Aged 0–19 Years) With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Diagnosed From 1988 to 2011 and Followed Up to 2012 in California, by Race/Ethnicity
| Covariates | Whites N (%) | Blacks N (%) | Hispanics N (%) | Asians N (%) | Total cohort N (%) | P a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 3,251 (35) | 358 (4) | 4,890 (52) | 796 (9) | 9,295 (100) | |
| Age at diagnosis, years | ||||||
| <1 | 69 (2.1) | 9 (2.5) | 158 (3.2) | 29 (3.6) | 266 (2.9) | |
| 1–4 | 1,468 (45.2) | 117 (32.7) | 2,023 (41.4) | 382 (48.0) | 3,990 (42.9) | |
| 5–9 | 868 (26.7) | 102 (28.5) | 1,216 (24.9) | 194 (24.4) | 2,382 (25.6) | |
| 10–14 | 465 (14.3) | 74 (20.7) | 807 (16.5) | 101 (12.7) | 1,447 (15.5) | |
| 15–19 | 381 (11.7) | 56 (15.6) | 686 (14.0) | 90 (11.3) | 1,213 (13.1) | <0.0001 |
| Median | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1,911 (58.8) | 206 (57.5) | 2,815 (57.6) | 459 (57.7) | 5,391 (58.0) | |
| Female | 1,340 (41.2) | 152 (42.5) | 2,075 (42.4) | 337 (42.3) | 3,904 (42.0) | 0.738 |
| Chemotherapy | ||||||
| No | 44 (1.3) | 11 (3.1) | 79 (1.6) | 7 (0.9) | 141 (1.5) | |
| Yes | 3,207(98.7) | 347 (96.9) | 4,811 (98.4) | 789 (99.1) | 9,154 (98.5) | 0.031 |
| CNS radiation | ||||||
| No | 2,717 (83.6) | 275 (76.8) | 4,085 (83.5) | 687 (86.3) | 7,764 (83.5) | |
| Yes | 534 (16.4) | 83 (23.2) | 805 (16.5) | 109 (13.7) | 1,531 (16.5) | 0.001 |
| Treatment at a pediatric cancer center | ||||||
| No | 931 (28.6) | 131 (36.6) | 1,571 (32.1) | 240 (30.1) | 2,873 (30.9) | |
| Yes | 2,320 (71.4) | 227 (63.4) | 3,319 (67.9) | 556 (69.9) | 6,422 (69.1) | 0.001 |
| Leukemia immunophenotype | ||||||
| T-cell | 483 (14.9) | 84 (23.4) | 464 (9.5) | 102 (12.8) | 1,133 (12.2) | |
| B-cell | 1,736 (53.4) | 176 (49.2) | 3,183 (65.1) | 490 (61.6) | 5,585 (60.1) | |
| NOS | 1,032 (31.7) | 98 (27.4) | 1,243 (25.4) | 204 (25.6) | 2,581 (27.7) | <0.0001 |
| Secondary neoplasms | ||||||
| No | 3,209 (98.7) | 356 (99.4) | 4,838 (98.9) | 782 (98.2) | 9,185 (98.8) | |
| Yes | 42 (1.3) | 2 (0.6) | 52 (1.1) | 14 (1.8) | 110 (1.2) | 0.223 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| 1. Lowest 20% | 247 (7.6) | 96 (26.8) | 2,067(42.2) | 102 (12.8) | 2,513 (27.0) | |
| 2 | 532 (16.4) | 109 (30.5) | 1,256 (25.7) | 120 (15.1) | 2,020 (21.7) | |
| 3 | 683 (21.0) | 66 (18.4) | 831 (17.0) | 139 (17.5) | 1,723 (18.5) | |
| 4 | 847 (26.0) | 58 (16.2) | 479 (9.8) | 200 (25.1) | 1,585 (17.1) | |
| 5. Highest 20% | 942 (29.0) | 29 (8.1) | 257 (5.3) | 235 (29.5) | 1,463 (15.7) | <0.0001 |
| Calendar period | ||||||
| 1988–1995 | 1,169 (35.9) | 104 (29.0) | 1,162 (23.8) | 222 (27.9) | 2,657 (28.6) | |
| 1996–2003 | 1,093 (33.6) | 127 (35.5) | 1,670 (34.1) | 270 (33.9) | 3,160 (34.0) | |
| 2004–2011 | 989 (30.4) | 127 (35.5) | 2,058 (42.1) | 304 (38.2) | 3,478 (37.4) | <0.0001 |
| Type of health insurance: limited to cases diagnosed from 1996 onwards (N = 6638) | ||||||
| No insurance | 14 (0.7) | 9 (3.5) | 106 (2.9) | 4 (0.7) | 133 (2.0) | |
| Private insurance | 1,669 (80.1) | 135 (53.2) | 1,493 (40.0) | 425 (74.0) | 3,722 (56.1) | |
| Public insurance | 341 (16.4) | 101 (39.8) | 1,997 (53.6) | 128 (22.3) | 2,567 (38.7) | |
| Unknown | 58 (2.8) | 9 (3.5) | 132 (3.5) | 17 (3.0) | 216 (3.2) | <0.0001 |
CNS, central nervous system; NOS, not otherwise specified.
a
χ2 P-value.