TABLE II.
Overall Survival With 95% Confidence Intervals for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia at 1, 5, and 10 Years After Diagnosis in Children (0–19 Years Old) in California From 1988 to 2011, by Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors
| Covariates | 1-year survival (95%CI) | 5-year survival (95%CI) | 10-year survival (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| All children | 94.5 (94.0–95.0) | 81.2 (80.3–82.0) | 77.1 (76.1–78.0) |
| Age at diagnosis | |||
| <1 | 76.9 (71.3–81.6) | 50.2 (43.7–56.2) | 45.7 (39.1–52.1) |
| 1–4 | 97.9 (97.4–98.3) | 89.3 (88.2–90.3) | 86.3 (85.1–87.4) |
| 5–9 | 96.6 (95.8–97.3) | 86.2 (84.7–87.6) | 80.7 (78.8–82.4) |
| 10–14 | 91.8 (90.2–93.1) | 73.5 (71.0–75.7) | 69.0 (66.3–71.5) |
| 15–19 | 86.3 (84.2–88.1) | 60.2 (57.2–63.0) | 55.8 (52.6–58.8) |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 95.8 (95.0–96.4) | 85.0 (83.6–86.2) | 81.5 (80.0–82.9) |
| Black | 91.8 (88.4–94.2) | 74.4 (69.4–78.8) | 70.7 (65.3–75.4) |
| Hispanic | 93.9 (93.2–94.5) | 79.0 (77.8–80.2) | 74.4 (73.0–75.7) |
| Asian | 94.4 (92.6–95.8) | 81.4 (78.3–84.0) | 77.4 (74.0–80.4) |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 94.3 (93.7–94.9) | 79.5 (78.3–80.6) | 75.1 (73.8–76.3) |
| Female | 94.7 (94.0–95.4) | 83.5 (82.2–84.7) | 79.9 (78.4–81.2) |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
| Leukemia immunophenotype | |||
| B-cell | 95.4 (94.8–95.9) | 82.7 (81.6–83.7) | 77.8 (76.5–79.0) |
| T-cell | 90.8 (88.9–92.3) | 73.8 (71.0–76.3) | 71.0 (68.0–73.7) |
| NOS | 94.3 (93.3–95.1) | 81.1 (79.5–82.6) | 77.8 (76.1–79.4) |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
| Calendar period | |||
| 1988–1995 | 93.0 (91.9–93.9) | 76.9 (75.2–78.5) | 72.8 (71.1–74.5) |
| 1996–2003 | 94.8 (93.9–95.5) | 80.7 (79.3–82.1) | 76.7 (75.1–78.1) |
| 2004–2011 | 95.5 (94.7–96.1) | 85.7 (84.3–87.0) | N/A |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| 1. Lowest 20% | 93.5 (92.4–94.4) | 77.0 (75.3–78.7) | 72.5 (70.5–74.3) |
| 2 | 94.5 (93.4–95.5) | 81.5 (79.6–83.2) | 77.8 (75.6–79.6) |
| 3 | 94.5 (93.3–95.4) | 82.3 (80.3–84.1) | 78.4 (76.2–80.5) |
| 4 | 95.3 (94.1–96.2) | 82.2 (80.1–84.1) | 78.2 (75.9–80.3) |
| 5. Highest 20% | 95.5 (94.3–96.4) | 85.4 (83.3–87.1) | 81.3 (78.9–81.6) |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
| Treatment at a pediatric cancer center | |||
| No | 92.9 (91.9–93.8) | 77.0 (75.4–78.6) | 73.2 (71.4–74.9) |
| Yes | 95.2 (94.7–95.7) | 83.0 (82.0–84.0) | 78.9 (77.7–80.0) |
| Log-rank test P-value = 0.0014 | |||
| Type of health insurance: limited to cases diagnosed from 1996 onwards (N = 6638) | |||
| No insurance | 93.3 (88.1–96.9) | 77.6 (68.9–84.1) | 74.2 (64.4–81.6) |
| Private insurance | 96.6 (94.9–96.2) | 85.2 (83.9–86.4) | 81.8 (80.3–83.2) |
| Public insurance | 94.8 (93.9–96.5) | 81.5 (79.9–83.1) | 76.3 (74.3–78.3) |
| Unknown | 91.6 (87.0–94.6) | 66.2 (59.3–72.2) | 63.0 (55.8–69.3) |
| Log-rank test P-value<0.00001 | |||
CI, confidence interval; NOS, not otherwise specified; N/A, not applicable.