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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 8.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015 Apr 20;62(10):1819–1825. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25544

TABLE III.

Unadjusted and Multivariable-Adjusted Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Overall Survival in Children (0–19 Years Old) With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in California.

Covariates Death N (%) Unadjusted HR1 (1988–2011) (95%CI) Adjusted HR2 (1988–2011) (95%CI) Adjusted HR3 (1996–2011) (95%CI) Adjusted HR4 (1996–2011) (95%CI)
Race/ethnicity
 White 568 (29.1) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
 Black 100 (5.1) 1.78 (1.44–2.20) 1.57 (1.26–1.96) 1.74 (1.31–2.31) 1.72 (1.29–2.28)
 Hispanic 1,123 (57.4) 1.47 (1.33–1.62) 1.38 (1.23–1.55) 1.43 (1.22–1.68) 1.37 (1.17–1.62)
 Asian 164 (8.4) 1.26 (1.06–1.50) 1.33 (1.12–1.59) 1.42 (1.13–1.79) 1.40 (1.11–1.76)
 Gender
 Male 1,237 (63.3) 1.27 (1.16–1.39) 1.19 (1.09–1.31) 1.20 (1.06–1.35) 1.19 (1.06–1.35)
 Female 718 (36.7) 1.0 (Reference) 1.0 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
Socioeconomic status
 1.Lowest 20% 623 (32.3) 1.61 (1.39–1.87) 1.39 (1.18–1.64) 1.40 (1.12–1.75) 1.30 (1.04–2.27)
 2. 414 (21.2) 1.29 (1.10–1.51) 1.15 (0.97–1.35) 1.20 (0.95–1.51) 1.15 (0.91–1.44)
 3. 339 (17.3) 1.20 (1.02–1.41) 1.13 (0.95–1.33) 1.10 (0.87–1.38) 1.06 (0.84–1.34)
 4. 324 (16.6) 1.23 (1.04–1.45) 1.17 (0.99–1.39) 1.22 (0.97–1.54) 1.20 (0.95–1.51)
 5. Highest 20% 246 (12.6) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
Calendar period
 1988–1995 781 (39.9) 1.66 (1.47–1.87) 1.97 (1.74–2.24) N/A N/A
 1996–2003 744 (38.1) 1.38 (1.22–1.56) 1.50 (1.33–1.70) 1.52 (1.34–1.73) 1.50 (1.33–1.71)
 2004–2011 430 (22.0) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
Treatment at a pediatric cancer center
 No 724 (37.0) 1.35 (1.23–1.48) 1.06 (0.96–1.16) 1.05 (0.92–1.19) 1.05 (0.92–1.19)
 Yes 1,231 (63.0) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
Type of health insurance: model limited to cases diagnosed from 1996 onwards (N = 6638)
 No insurance 29 (2.5) 1.54 (1.06–2.23) N/A N/A 1.22 (0.83–1.89)
 Private insurance 583 (49.6) 1.00 (Reference) N/A N/A 1.00 (Reference)
 Public insurance 487 (41.5) 1.31 (1.16–1.47) N/A N/A 1.15 (1.01–1.32)
 Unknown 75 (6.4) 2.31 (1.82–2.94) N/A N/A 1.77 (1.38–2.26)

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; NOS, not otherwise specified. The multivariable models were adjusted for all variables presented in the table and stratified by age, immunophenotype and secondary neoplasm. HR1, unadjusted model; Hr2, adjusted model without insurance, 1988–2011; Hr3, adjusted model without insurance, 1996–2011; Hr4, adjusted model with insurance, 1996–2011.