Table 1.
Characteristics of studies with mixed cohorts of RDs and COVID-19
| Study | Type | N (%)* | N (%), COVID-19 (confirmed and probable) | N (%), DM | Moderate to severe COVID-19 N (%) and its associations | Hospitalizations N (%) and its associations | Mortality N (%) and its associations | Other salient features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santos et al., 2020, Spain [43] |
Observational, prospective (cross-sectional) |
38 RA 11 (39) |
38 | 15 (32) | - | 38 |
10 of 38 (26) UV: - Older age - DM (OR 33, 95% CI 3.4–314) - HTN - Dyslipidemia -ILD - CVD - High disease activity MV: - High disease activity - Dyslipidemia -CVD - ILD |
|
| Pablos et al., 2020, Spain [68] |
Observational, prospective (cohort) |
228 RA 65 (29), SpA 71 (30). CTDs 92 (40) |
228 | 39 (17) |
72 of 228 (31.6) UV: - Older age - M - Obesity - DM (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.34–2.79) - HTN - Lung disease -CVD |
162 of 228 (71) ICU 15 of 228 (7) |
41 of 228 (18) | |
| Shobha et al., 2020, India [30] |
Observational, prospective (cohort) |
3807 RA 1964 (52.2), SLE 561 (14.8), SpA 313 (8.2), SSc 134 (3), vasculitis 107 (2.8), SS 69 (1.8), IIM 81 (2.1) |
23 (0.6) UV: - DM (3.67, 95% CI 1.5–8.98) - HTN - Lung disease - GC (OR 3, 95% CI 1.23–7.34) - ARB - Flu vaccine - MMF - CYC - Biologics MV: - Lung disease |
420 (11) |
15 of 23 (65.2) ICU 3 of 23 (13) |
- | ||
| Habermann et al., 2020, USA [69] | Observational, prospective (case series) |
86 RA 20 (23), SpA 30 (35), IBD 37 (43), psoriasis 14 (16) |
86 | - |
14 (16) - Older age - RA - HT - DM - Lung disease - GC - HCQ - MTX |
- | - | - |
| Nunez et al., 2020, Spain [41] |
Observational, prospective (cross-sectional) |
123 RA 50 (40.65), SpA 24 (21) |
123 | 17 (13.8) | - |
54 of 123 (51) ICU 2 of 123 (1.6) UV: - Older age - CTDs - HTN - DM (OR 5.15, 95% CI 1.5–16.8) - Lung disease - Heart disease Protective: - TNFi - F - NSAIDs |
12 of 123 (10) | |
| Montero et al., 2020, Spain [70] |
Observational, retrospective (cross-sectional) |
62 RA 20 (32), SpA 16 (26) |
62 | 12 (20) | - |
42 of 62 (68) UV: - Age > 70 - M - Lung disease - CVD - HTN - DM - GC MV: - M - Lung disease - GC |
10 of 62 (6) - Older age - M - DM - HTN |
|
| Gianfrancesco et al., 2020, Global [28] |
Prospective, observational (Global Rheumatology alliance-2019 registry) |
600 RA 230 (38), SLE 85 (14), SpA 122, vasculitis 44 (7), SS 28 (5), IIM (3), gout 19 (3), SSc 16 (3), PMR 12 (2), sarcoidosis 10 (2) |
600 | 69 (12) | - |
277 of 600 (46) UV: - Older age - HTN - Lung disease - DM - CVD - CKD - Smoking - SLE - Vasculitis - GC > 10 mg MV: - Age > 65 - HT/CVD - DM (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.39–4.88) - CKD - GC > 10 (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.9) (Protective) - b/tsDMARD |
55(9) | |
| Marques et al., 2021, Brazil *[39] |
Observational, prospective (ReumaCoV Registry Brasil) |
334 SLE 110 (32.9), RA 95 (28.4), SpA 68 (20), Ssc 23 (6.9), vasculitis 10 (3.3) |
334 | 39 (11.5) | - |
110 of 334 (33) ICU 50 of 334 (15) MV: - Age > 50 - No TNFi - GC (PR 1.82, 95% CI 1.2–2.7) - Pulse MPS (PR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7–4.9) |
28 of 334 (8.4) MV: - Age > 50 - No TNFi - Pulse MPS (PR 2.86, 95% CI 1.6–5.1) |
Presence of DM was a significant factor (PR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) for the need for emergence care |
| Monroy et al., 2021, Spain [31] |
Observational, retrospective (cross-sectional) |
1090 RA 334 (31), vasculits 38 (3.5), SSc 43 (4), SLE 80 (7), IIM 17 (49) |
85 of 1090 (7.7) - Older age - HTN - Dyslipidemia |
- |
12 of 1090 (1.1) - GC - TCZ use |
58 of 1090 (5.3) Protective - F - TNFi - IBD |
4 of 1090 (0.3) | |
| 2021, France* [33] |
Observational, retrospective (French RMD cohort) |
694 RA 213 (30), SpA 235 (34), vasculitis 65(), SLE 46 (6), SS 17 (2.5), SSc 25 (3), IIM 12 (2) |
694 | - |
256 of 694 (37) UV: - Older age - Obesity - DM (aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.12–4) - HTN - ILD - CKD - GC (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–3.8) - MMF - RTX MV: - Older age - BMI - HTN - GC (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.5) - MMF - RTX |
256 of 694 (37) ICU 87 (12.5) UV: - Older age - CVD - DM (aOR 5.3 95% CI 2.6–10.85) - HTN - CKD - GC (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6) Protective - TNFi MV: - Older age - DM (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.1–9.1) - BMI - GC (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3) - Colchicine (MV) |
58 of 694 (8) UV: - Older age - CVD - ILD - DM (aOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.3–6) - HTN - CKD - CTD - GC (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5) - MMF - RTX |
|
| Gracia et al., 2021, Spain [38] |
Observational, prospective (COVIDSER cohort) |
7782 |
462 (5.5) RA 154 (33) SpA 165 (36), SLE 61 (17) |
- | - |
106 of 462 (23) ICU 21 (4.5) UV: - Older age - BMI - GC - b use - Lung disease - DM - HTN Protective - TNFi MV: - Older age - Obesity - Liver disease Protective - TNFi |
19 of 462 (4.1) | - |
| Faye et al., USA, 2021 [42] |
Observational, retrospective (cross-sectional) |
62 RA 16, sarcoidosis 8 |
62 124 controls |
14 (22) | - |
Compared to controls - Race - Comorbidities - IS - GC |
Composite ICU, intubation, death, compared to controls UV: - Older age - Comorbidities - HTN - CVD |
Composite of ICU admission, intubation, and death compared to controls: - Older age - Comorbidities-HTN -CVD |
| Esatoglu et al., 2021, Turkey [71] |
Observational, prospective (cohort) |
165 RA 60 (36), SpA 42 (25), CTDs 29 (18), FMF 14, BD 15 (9) |
165 | 17 (10) | 165 |
141 of 165 (85) ICU 22 of 165 (13) |
16 of 165 (10) | - |
| Arleo et al., 2021, USA [72] |
Observational, retrospective (cross-sectional) |
70 RA 26 (37), SLE 8 (11) |
70 | - | - |
34 of 70 (50) ICU 17 of 70 (25) UV: - Older age - CKD - CHF - GC - GCA/PMR Protective - TNFi |
6 of 70 (18) | |
| Alzahrani et al., Saudi Arabia, 2021 [34] |
Observational, prospective (cross-sectional) |
47 RA 25 (53.2), SLE 10 (21) |
47 | 7 (15) |
9 of 47 (19) Older age |
24 of 47 (50) ICU 5 of 47 (10) |
- | - |
| Boekel et al., 2022, Netherlands [52] |
Observational, prospective (Web-based survey) |
3673 RA 1714 (56), SpA 1040 (28.3), SLE 175 (6), JIA 51 (2), vasculitis 81 (3), SS 190 (6), SSc 61 (2), MCTD 27 (0.9), PMR 125 (4); 1243 HCs |
347 of 3673 (9) | 183 (6) | - |
23 of 347 (7) ICU 3 of 347 (1) - Older age - DM - Lung disease - B-cell depleting therapy Protective - TNFi -HCQ |
1 of 347 (0.2) | |
| Esalatmanesh et al., 2022, Iran [40] |
Observational, prospective (cross-sectional) |
196 RA 113 (57.7), SpA 22 (11.2), SLE 30 (15.3), vasculitis 22 (11.2) |
196 | 28 (14.3) |
98 of 196 (50) UV: - Age > 65 - DM [6.3 (2.9–13.7)] - Obesity - CKD - NSAIDs MV: - NSAIDs - GC (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.1–20) - DM (OR 5.4, 95% CI 2.1–13.5) - Lung disease |
73 of 196 (37.2) ICU 21 of 196 (10.7) UV: - Age > 65 - DM (OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.3–16.3) - Lung disease - CKD - GC (OR 6.6, 95% CI 2.5–17.5) - Azathioprine - Disease activity MV: - NSAIDs - GC (OR 5.3 (1.9–14.8)) - DM (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.7–12.9) |
15 of 196 (7.6) |
Flare: 32 (16.3) - Active disease - CTDs - Hospitalization |
| Strangfeld et al., 2021, [36] |
Observational, prospective (Global Rheumatology alliance-2019 registry) |
3729 RA 1224 (36), SpA 836 (22), SLE 355 (10), vasculitis (258), other cTDs 473 (14), JIA 21 (0.6), |
3729 | 410 (12.4) | 1368 of 3729 (43) |
390 of 3729 (10) MV: - Age > 65 - M - Lung disease - CVD + HT - High disease activity - RTX - GC > 10 mg/D (OR 1.7, 95% 1.2–2.4) |
||
| Izadi et al., 2021 [37] |
Observational, prospective (Global Rheumatology alliance-2019 registry) |
3441 inflammatory arthritis | 3441 | 401 (12) | - |
939 of 3441 (27) - JAKi |
166 of 3441 (5) - RTX - JAKi |
Increased risk for hospitalization and death: MV: - Older age - Obesity - Lung disease-CVD, -DM (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.1–2.21) - CKD -SSZ - Lef, - GC |
•Disease with numbers < 10 not mentioned
•COVID-19 Corona VIrus Disease-19, DM diabetes mellitus, RA rheumatoid arthritis, HTN hypertension, ILD interstitial lung disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, SpA spondyloarthritis, CTDs connective tissue diseases, M male sex, ICU intensive care unit, UV univariate, MV multivariate, GC glucocorticoids, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, SSc systemic sclerosis, IIM idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, MMF mycophenolate mofetil, CYC cyclophosphamide, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, HCQ hydroxychloroquine, MTX methotrexate, TNF tumor necrosis factor, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PMR polymyalgia rheumatica, CKD0 Chronic Kidney Disease, b biologic, c conventional, ts targeted synthetic, DMARD disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drug, MPS methyl prednisolone, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, SS Sjogren syndrome, RTX rituximab, BMI body mass index, IS immunosuppressant, FMF familial Mediterranean fever, CHF congestive heart failure, GCA giant cell arteritis, SSZ sulfasalazine, Lef leflunomide, TCZ tocilizumab, aOR adjusted odds ratio, PR prevalence ratio