Table 2.
Risk-of-bias quality assessment of the 54 included studies according to Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
| Study | Comparability | Outcome | Follow-up | Quality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness | Selection | Outcome absence pre-intervention | Comparability of cohorts | Assessment of outcome | Appropriate follow-up period | Cohort follow-up achieved | Total (/9) | |
| Dyet et al. [23] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Gaines et al. [15] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Crowe et al. [35] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Hennequin et al. [57] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Shah et al. [58] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Stock et al. [51] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Oudkerk et al. [18] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Gross et al. [32] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Nicholson et al. [12] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Tanigawa et al. [36] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Qanadli et al. [33] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Thony et al. [37] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 | |
| Marcy et al. [59] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Miller et al. [60] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Sasano et al. [29] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Lanciego et al. [19] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Smayra et al. [38] | * | * | * | * | * | 7 | ||
| Wilson et al. [70] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| de Gregorio Ariza et al. [53] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Chatziioannou et al. [61] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Courtehoux et al. [62] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Dinkel et al. [49] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Monaco (2003) | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Kim et al. [63] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Urreticoechea [30] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Bierdrager et al. [20] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Sheikh et al. [64] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Barshes et al. [52] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Nagata et al. [31] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Lanciego et al. [21] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Cho et al. [34] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Fagedet et al. [39] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Gwon et al. [25] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Maleux et al. [23] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Andersen et al. [44] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Cho et al. [24] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Sobrinho and Aguiar [40] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Andersen et al. [44] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Breault et al. [65] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Leung et al. [41] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Miazga et al. [66] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Mokry et al. [47] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Büstgens et al. [69] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Massara et al. [71] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Anton et al. [46] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Calsina Juscafresa et al. [67] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Kuo et al. [68] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Niu et al. [16] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Haddad et al. [26] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Majumdar et al. [22] | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
| Karakhanian et al. [72] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Ren et al. [42] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Wang et al. [27] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
| Wei et al. [17] | * | * | * | * | * | 7 | ||
All studies scored between 7 and 9, indicating low risk of bias and high quality