Table 4.
Predictors of helpful treatment and persistence (pooled across professionals seen), and predictors of perceived helpfulness of treatment (person level), among people with lifetime DSM-IV social anxiety disorder (SAD) who obtained treatment
| Model 1: Predicting helpful treatment pooled across professionals seen (n=3180) |
Model 2: Predicting persistence pooled across treatment failure (n=2324) |
Model 3: Predicting perceived helpfulness of treatment across SAD patients (n=1322) |
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| Prevalence | Multivariate | Prevalence | Multivariate | Prevalence | Multivariate | |||||||
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| Mean/% | (SE) | AOR | (95% CI) | Mean/% | (SE) | AOR | (95% CI) | Mean/% | (SE) | AOR | (95% CI) | |
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| Age | ||||||||||||
| Age at first SAD treatment | 30.1 | (0.5) | 1.01 | (1.00-1.02) | 29.8 | (0.5) | 1.01 | (0.99-1.02) | 30.6 | (0.4) | 1.01 | (0.99-1.03) |
| χ21 (p-value) | 1.1 (0.29) | 1.1 (0.28) | 0.9 (0.35) | |||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 59.1 | (2.5) | 1.25* | (1.03-1.52) | 58.0 | (2.9) | 0.98 | (0.74-1.30) | 60.4 | (1.5) | 1.20 | (0.88-1.65) |
| Male | 40.9 | (2.5) | 1.0 | 42.0 | (2.9) | 1.0 | 39.6 | (1.5) | 1.0 | |||
| χ21 (p-value) | 5.3 (0.021)* | 0.0 (0.87) | 1.3 (0.26) | |||||||||
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 51.8 | (1.9) | 0.95 | (0.76-1.19) | 52.0 | (2.2) | 0.72 | (0.51-1.02) | 53.8 | (1.2) | 0.68* | (0.47-0.98) |
| Previously married | 18.5 | (1.4) | 0.64* | (0.48-0.84) | 19.3 | (1.7) | 0.82 | (0.52-1.28) | 17.0 | (1.1) | 0.53* | (0.33-0.83) |
| Currently married | 29.7 | (2.3) | 1.0 | - | 28.7 | (2.8) | 1.0 | - | 29.1 | (1.2) | 1.0 | - |
| χ22 (p-value) | 11.7 (0.003)* | 3.4 (0.18) | 8.8 (0.012)* | |||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Low | 8.4 | (0.9) | 0.96 | (0.69-1.33) | 8.1 | (1.0) | 0.77 | (0.49-1.21) | 9.5 | (1.0) | 0.86 | (0.55-1.35) |
| Low-average | 19.1 | (1.7) | 0.86 | (0.65-1.12) | 19.1 | (1.9) | 1.08 | (0.71-1.65) | 18.3 | (1.1) | 0.95 | (0.61-1.47) |
| High-average | 37.0 | (2.1) | 0.80* | (0.65-0.99) | 37.2 | (2.4) | 1.25 | (0.88-1.76) | 35.2 | (1.3) | 0.95 | (0.66-1.39) |
| Student | 17.6 | (1.6) | 0.59* | (0.45-0.78) | 19.1 | (1.9) | 1.31 | (0.84-2.05) | 16.3 | (1.1) | 0.76 | (0.47-1.23) |
| High | 18.0 | (1.3) | 1.0 | - | 16.5 | (1.4) | 1.0 | - | 20.7 | (1.2) | 1.0 | - |
| χ24 (p-value) | 14.9 (0.005)* | 5.7 (0.22) | 1.7 (0.79) | |||||||||
| Treatment delay (years)a | 14.6 | (0.5) | 1.01 | (1.00-1.02) | 14.2 | (0.6) | 0.98* | (0.97-0.99) | 15.5 | (0.4) | 0.99 | (0.98-1.01) |
| χ21 (p-value) | 3.2 (0.07) | 10.2 (0.001)* | 1.0 (0.33) | |||||||||
| Started SAD treatment >= 2000 (vs. 1990-1999) | 42.3 | (2.2) | 1.59* | (1.34-1.89) | 39.4 | (2.5) | 0.63* | (0.49-0.83) | 50.0 | (1.6) | 1.01 | (0.77-1.32) |
| χ21 (p-value) | 27.8 (<.001)* | 11.3 (<.001)* | 0.0 (0.96) | |||||||||
| Treatment Typeb | ||||||||||||
| Mental health specialist + Psychotherapy | 64.2 | (1.9) | 0.76* | (0.58-0.99) | 64.6 | (2.1) | 1.27 | (0.85-1.90) | 61.9 | (1.5) | 0.92 | (0.60-1.42) |
| Mental health specialist + Medication | 69.2 | (1.8) | 0.66* | (0.52-0.85) | 71.4 | (1.8) | 1.83* | (1.31-2.56) | 57.9 | (1.6) | 1.23 | (0.85-1.79) |
| General medical | 73.9 | (1.7) | 0.64* | (0.50-0.82) | 75.7 | (1.9) | 0.94 | (0.66-1.35) | 68.5 | (1.3) | 0.67* | (0.48-0.93) |
| Complementary/alternative medicine | 32.3 | (2.2) | 0.86 | (0.70-1.06) | 33.5 | (2.6) | 1.35 | (0.97-1.88) | 26.0 | (1.2) | 1.11 | (0.78-1.57) |
| Human services | 20.9 | (2.4) | 1.0 | - | 22.7 | (2.8) | 1.0 | - | 15.2 | (1.1) | 1.0 | - |
| χ24 (p-value) | 17.5 (0.002)* | 20.6 (<.001)* | 9.5 (0.05) | |||||||||
| Exactly 2 or more of the above | 78.4 | (1.5) | 1.37 | (0.94-2.00) | 79.6 | (1.7) | 1.80* | (1.15-2.82) | 69.3 | (1.5) | 1.81* | (1.06-3.10) |
| χ21 (p-value) | 2.7 (0.10) | 6.7 (0.010)* | 4.7 (0.031)* | |||||||||
| χ25 (p-value) | 21.8 (<.001)* | 73.0 (<.001)* | 21.9 (<.001)* | |||||||||
| Number of lifetime anxiety disordersc | ||||||||||||
| 3 or morec | 40.1 | (2.2) | 0.87 | (0.70-1.08) | 41.8 | (2.6) | 2.32* | (1.72-3.12) | 32.0 | (1.2) | 1.83* | (1.30-2.57) |
| Exactly 2c | 32.1 | (1.9) | 1.13 | (0.94-1.37) | 31.0 | (2.1) | 1.41* | (1.04-1.90) | 34.1 | (1.4) | 1.50* | (1.09-2.06) |
| Exactly 1c | 27.9 | (1.7) | 1.0 | - | 27.2 | (1.8) | 1.0 | - | 34.0 | (1.4) | 1.0 | - |
| χ22 (p-value) | 7.3 (0.027)* | 31.5 (<.001)* | 14.5 (<.001)* | |||||||||
| Mood disorder | ||||||||||||
| Major depressive disorder | 42.5 | (2.1) | 1.01 | (0.84-1.21) | 42.1 | (2.5) | 1.22 | (0.91-1.63) | 40.5 | (1.4) | 1.23 | (0.91-1.67) |
| Bipolar disorder | 14.9 | (2.4) | 0.84 | (0.63-1.14) | 16.3 | (3.0) | 0.87 | (0.61-1.24) | 11.7 | (0.80 | 0.84 | (0.56-1.29) |
| Substance use disorder | ||||||||||||
| χ22 (p-value) | 1.3 (0.51) | 3.4 (0.18) | 3.2 (0.20) | |||||||||
| Alcohol and/or drug abuse | 26.8 | (2.6) | 1.04 | (0.81-1.32) | 27.6 | (3.2) | 1.11 | (0.78-1.57) | 23.8 | (1.3) | 1.12 | (0.77-1.64) |
| Alcohol or drug dependence but not abuse | 3.9 | (0.9) | 0.73 | (0.45-1.17) | 4.4 | (0.8) | 1.55 | (0.94-2.57) | 2.7 | (0.4) | 0.92 | (0.48-1.78) |
| χ22 (p-value) | 2.1 (0.35) | 3.0 (0.23) | 0.6 (0.74) | |||||||||
| χ26 (p-value) | 13.9 (0.031)* | 41.7 (<.001)* | 17.8 (0.007)* | |||||||||
| Childhood Adversities | ||||||||||||
| Family Dysfunctiond | 34.7 | (2.3) | 0.80* | (0.65-0.98) | 35.8 | (2.7) | 0.80 | (0.59-1.10) | 33.7 | (1.3) | 0.64* | (0.46-0.88) |
| Othere | 18.2 | (2.5) | 0.95 | (0.69-1.30) | 18.6 | (3.2) | 1.18 | (0.82-1.69) | 16.8 | (1.1) | 1.06 | (0.69-1.61) |
| χ22 (p-value) | 5.4 (0.07) | 2.0 (0.38) | 8.0 (0.018)* | |||||||||
| Global χ223 | 132.1 (<.001)* | 326.2 (<.001)* | 85.6 (<.001)* | |||||||||
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Significant at .05 level, two-sided test.
Treatment delay (years) = Age at first SAD treatment – Age at onset of SAD.
Treatment providers: mental health specialists (psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, psychologist, psychiatric social worker, mental health counselor), primary care providers, human services providers (social worker or counselor in a social services agency, spiritual advisor), and complementary/alternative medicine (other type of healer or self-help group).
Lifetime anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia with or without panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia and social anxiety disorder.
Family Dysfunction includes Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Neglect, Parent mental disorder, Parent substance use disorder, Parent criminal behavior and Family violence.
Other includes Parent death, Parent divorce, Other loss of a parent, Physical illness and Economic adversity.