TABLE 1.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of 90 subjects.
| Parameter | NC | GDM | HP |
| Case, n | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Age, years | 29.83 ± 3.68 | 29.23 ± 2.87 | 29.53 ± 2.30 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.19 ± 3.02 | 29.10 ± 3.69* | 28.50 ± 2.20 |
| Gestational weeks, w | 38 (38–39) | 39 (38–39) | 37 (36–37)#※ |
| Abortion frequency, n% | |||
| 0 | 21 (70.00) | 25 (83.33) | 22 (73.33) |
| 1 | 5 (16.67) | 4 (13.33) | 5 (16.67) |
| 2 | 3 (10.00) | 1 (3.33) | 2 (6.67) |
| 3 | 1 (3.33) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (3.33) |
| Fertility frequency, n% | |||
| 0 | 22 (73.33) | 24 (80.00) | 18 (60.00) |
| 1 | 7 (23.33) | 6 (20.00) | 10 (33.33) |
| 2 | 1 (3.33) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (6.67) |
| Total energy intake, kcal | 2852.37 ± 764.37 | 3696.83 ± 771.59* | 3272.07 ± 463.06#※ |
| Carbohydrate, kcal% | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 0.56 ± 0.13* | 0.62 ± 0.09※ |
| Protein, kcal% | 0.11 (0.09–0.16) | 0.12 (0.08–0.16) | 0.12 (0.10–0.16) |
| Fat, kcal% | 0.23 (0.15–0.32) | 0.29 (0.25–0.41)* | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 4.06 (3.86–4.56) | 5.65 (5.30–6.21)* | 4.48 (4.28–4.83) ※ |
| 1h-PG, mmol/L | 7.28 ± 1.17 | 10.08 ± 1.07* | 7.50 ± 0.94※ |
| 2h-PG, mmol/L | 6.66 ± 1.00 | 9.17 ± 0.99* | 6.67 ± 1.38※ |
| GLU, mmol/L | 4.25 (4.03–4.43) | 5.28 (4.95–5.55)* | 4.59 (4.38–5.19)#※ |
| SBP, mmHg | 109.50 (104.75–115.50) | 115.00 (109.50–119.25) | 159.00 (148.75–172.00)#※ |
| DBP, mmHg | 74.50 (72.00–78.25) | 77.50 (73.00–83.00) | 110.00 (101.75–118.50)#※ |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 2.03 ± 0.28 | 1.78 ± 0.33* | 1.91 ± 0.48 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.12 (1.73–2.54) | 2.95 (2.55–4.04)* | 3.04 (1.68–3.36) |
| HDL/LDL | 0.95 (0.70–1.31) | 0.56 (0.47–0.69)* | 0.72 (0.54–1.07) |
| CHOL, mmol/L | 6.23 (5.25–7.11) | 6.80 (5.96–8.26) | 6.65 (6.23–7.08) |
| TG, mmol/L | 3.69 (2.98–4.17) | 4.75 (3.66–6.01)* | 4.29 (3.58–5.07) |
| VLDL, mmol/L | 0.75 (0.60–0.86) | 0.96 (0.69–1.11) | 0.91 (0.57–1.27) |
| ALT, U/L | 8.75 (5.95–11.20) | 9.85 (8.48–12.68) | 12.15 (9.00–15.53)# |
| GGT, U/L | 9.85 (8.05–11.55) | 10.75 (8.80–12.85) | 26.20 (14.13–36.65)#※ |
| LDH, U/L | 188.05 (149.50–214.75) | 188.00 (158.50–228.00) | 284.50 (240.50–334.50)#※ |
| HBDH, U/L | 117.00 (103.79–130.91) | 115.00 (102.50–127.25) | 159.00 (133.50–192.00)#※ |
| BUN, mmol/L | 2.85 (2.56–3.28) | 3.00 (2.39–3.94) | 4.43 (3.67–4.88)#※ |
| Cr, mmol/L | 43.90 (40.95–46.58) | 46.25 (39.73–50.65) | 53.86 (45.39–65.63)#※ |
| UA, μmol/L | 275.35 (247.00–315.55) | 292.20 (239.58–365.20) | 393.70 (329.77–480.35)#※ |
Data are shown as mean ± SD or median and quartile. False discovery rate was automatically corrected for multiple comparisons during Kruskal–Wallis tests. *p < 0.05 NC vs. GDM; #p < 0.05 NC vs. HP; ※p < 0.05 GDM vs. HP. BMI, body mass index; Gestational weeks, the average weeks of delivery for each group; FPG, fast plasma glucose; 1h-PG, 1h-plasma glucose from OGTT; 2 h-PG, 2 h-plasma glucose from OGTT; GLU, glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHOL, cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; HBDH, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid.