Table 1.
Patient demographics at baseline
| Characteristics | CPRD (n = 99,129) | LCED (n = 6351) | TriNetX (n = 18,327) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at index, yr, mean (SD) | 68.5 (11.3) | 65.3 (10.5) | 65.7 (11.7) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 48,820 (49.2) | 3165 (49.8) | 8252 (45.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.1 (6.2) | 32.3 (6.9) | 30.6 (5.1) |
| Laboratory values | |||
| Albumin, g/dl, mean (SD) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.3) | 4.0 (0.5) |
| Missinga, % | 18.4 | 50.6 | 31.6 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 64.0 (55.1, 70.2) | 65.0 (56.3, 70.5) | 61.7 (50.1, 69.2) |
| Missinga, % | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml, mean (SD) | 132.3 (164.6) | 151.8 (186.7) | 182.2 (251.0) |
| Missinga, % | 86.9 | 91.6 | 90.7 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 7.0 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.6) |
| Missinga, % | 55.3 | 34.1 | 29.6 |
| Missinga (T2D and HbA1c), % | 4.0 | 23.2 | 13.4 |
| Missinga (no T2D and HbA1c), % | 85.8 | 57.8 | 59.7 |
| Potassium, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.3 (0.5) | 4.3 (0.5) |
| Missinga, % | 5.7 | 3.6 | 2.5 |
| Serum bicarbonate, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 26.5 (3.0) | 26.2 (3.0) | 26.2 (3.3) |
| Missinga, % | 81.9 | 7.9 | 1.9 |
| UACR, mg/g, mean (SD) | 64.2 (263.7) | 71.8 (323.9) | 143.6 (437.5) |
| Missinga, % | 57.8 | 40.3 | 46.4 |
| Uric acid, μmol/l, mean (SD) | 382.5 (94.6) | 371.1 (94.5) | 373.9 (94.7) |
| Missinga, % | 95.6 | 89.6 | 92.2 |
| Comorbidities/complications, n (%) | |||
| Acute kidney injury | 1701 (1.7) | 339 (5.3) | 1372 (7.5) |
| Coronary heart disease | 17,294 (17.4) | 1422 (22.4) | 3657 (20.0) |
| T2D | 36,960 (37.3) | 4345 (68.4) | 11,892 (64.9) |
| HF | 5033 (5.1) | 533 (8.4) | 1735 (9.5) |
| Hyperkalemia | 449 (0.5) | 166 (2.6) | 504 (2.8) |
| Hypertension | 58,217 (58.7) | 5440 (85.7) | 13,898 (75.8) |
| Myocardial infarction | 7380 (7.4) | 368 (5.8) | 998 (5.4) |
| Stroke | 5046 (5.1) | 983 (15.5) | 1669 (9.1) |
| Prescription medications, n (%) | |||
| RAASib | 51,032 (51.5) | 4248 (66.9) | 8953 (48.9) |
| Diureticsc | 34,161 (34.5) | 3039 (47.9) | 7097 (38.7) |
| Statins | 52,473 (52.9) | 4159 (65.5) | 8828 (48.2) |
| DPP4i | 3237 (3.3) | 676 (10.6) | 1611 (8.8) |
| Insulin | 4478 (4.5) | 923 (14.5) | 4371 (23.9) |
| Metformin | 24,037 (24.2) | 2832 (44.6) | 6283 (34.3) |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HF, heart failure; IQR, interquartile range; LCED, Limited Claims and Electronic Health Record Dataset; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RAASi, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; SD, standard deviation; T2D, type 2 diabetes; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
a
Data were either missing and/or not recorded in clinical practice.
b
Includes ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
c
Includes MRA, loop diuretics, and thiazide.