Table 10.
Polymeric NP-entrapped IVT mRNA vaccines for infectious and cancerous diseases.
| Vaccine Platform | Disease Target | Antigen | Delivery Platform | Preclinical | Immune Response | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IVT mRNA | HIV-1 | gp120 | β-CD/ PEI (CP2k) NPs | Mice | - Induction of enhanced immune responses via paracellular delivery of mRNA by reversibly opening the epithelial tight junctions and the intracellular route by transfecting cells of the NALT - Decreased TLR3-induced type I IFN production |
[96] |
| IVT mRNA | N/A | Ovalbumin | β-CD/ PEI (CP600, CP2k, CP25k) NPs | Mice | - Induction of the highest transfection efficiency of APCs, stimulation of DC maturation, and activation of humoral and cellular immune responses by CP2k - Safety profile of CP600 and CP2k |
[99] |
| IVT mRNA | N/A | Ovalbumin | β-CD/ PEI (CP2k) NPs | Mice | - CP2k/mRNA ratio of 16 ideal for optimal size of NPs, encapsulation of mRNA, transfection of DCs - Ideal mRNA sequence for optimal mRNA expression and protein translation include cap1 structure and polyA tail of 47 residues - Th-2 and Th-1 skewed responses upon intramuscular and intradermal routes, respectively |
[100] |
| 5mC/m1Ѱ IVT mRNA | HIV-1 | Gag Ovalbumin | CPP NPs (RALA, GALA, LAH4-L1) | In vitro Mice | - Promotion of high cellular uptake by DCs, endosomal escape, and antigen presentation - Activation of DC maturation and potent CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses |
[101], [102], [103] |
| IVT mRNA | SARS-CoV-2 | RBD | PG/SNPs | Mice | - Protection of mRNA from RNase degradation - Enhanced safety profile and production of RBD- and S-specific IgG antibodies compared to Lifofectamine-3000 and naked mRNA-RBD, respectively - Production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies |
[104] |
| IVT mRNA | Cancer | Ovalbumin | CART NPs | Mice | - Efficient transfection of APCs and T lymphocytes - Enhanced transfection efficiency, antigen expression, long lasting cytotoxic antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activity than Lipofectamine 2000 |
[105] |