Skip to main content
. 2022 Aug 26;13:934746. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934746

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Combination of ivermectin and gemcitabine induces mitochondrial dysfunction via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. (A) Relative ROS production in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with gemcitabine and ivermectin was analyzed using flow cytometry after dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-staining. (B) After JC-10 staining, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured via fluorescence microscopy. Data represents the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with the gemcitabine alone group. (C) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was determined after treatment with ivermectin and gemcitabine and calculated under oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and Rot/antimycin A treatments. Data represents the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with the gemcitabine alone group. (D) mRNA expression levels of mitochondria fusion and fission genes were determined via PCR.