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. 2022 Aug 26;13:953445. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.953445

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Pan, Guo, Li and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Convergent model of sex-regulation cascades from upstream sex-determining genes to downstream B-class genes in dioecious plants. (A) Duplicated pseudogenes (ΨARR17-IR or ΨMeGI-IR) in the SDR of the Y chromosome generate sRNAs that dominantly repress their counterpart feminizing factors (ARR17 or MeGI) on autosomes/pseudo autosomes via epigenetic RNAi/RdDM pathway. Downstream B-class genes are activated either by the expression of activator (UFO) or the suppression of repressor (SVP), producing only male flowers. (B) In XX individual, no pseudogenes of feminizing factors are available, repressor (SVP) of B-class genes are thus expressed, or activator (UFO) is repressed, and the expression of B-class genes are suppressed forming only female flowers.