Table 3.
Canada | Germany | Israel | The Netherlands | Norwaya | Portugal | Spainb | Sweden | UK | Pooled baseline valuec | Tau | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients, n | 421,795 | 161,407 | 27,868 | 33,723 | 104,116 | 1932 | 56,435 | 95,575 | 391,618 | n/a | n/a |
Index year | 2018 | 2019 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2019 | ||
Age, years (SD) | 68 (17) | 77 (11) | 75 (12) | 75 (12) | 70 (16) | 78 (11) | 76 (14) | 68 (19) | 75 (14) | 73·5 (71·0‒76·0) | 3·83 |
Females, n (%) | 206,645 (49) | 81,193 (50) | 10,427 (37) | 18,672 (55) | 43,074 (41) | 965 (50) | 26,957 (48) | 46,052 (48) | 225,933 (58) | 48·6 (44·5‒52·6) | 6·24 |
CKD diagnosis, n (%) | 421,795 (100) | 161,407 (100) | 27,868 (100) | 33,723 (100) | 104,116 (100) | 1932 (100) | 56,435 (100) | 95,575 (100) | 391,618 (100) | 100·0 (100·0‒100·0) | 0·00 |
Comorbidities | |||||||||||
Heart failure, n (%) | 113,464 (27) | 63,683 (39) | 4963 (18) | 5365 (16) | 22,734 (22) | 750 (39) | 11,610 (21) | 21,284 (22) | 65,748 (17) | 24·5 (18·6‒30·3) | 8·91 |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 126,325 (30) | 21,695 (13) | 5032 (18) | 9222 (27) | 30,260 (29) | 440 (23) | 10,519 (19) | 22,339 (23) | 123,088 (31) | 23·8 (19·7‒27·8) | 6·18 |
Stroke, n (%) | 40,780 (10) | 13,328 (8) | 2014 (7) | 6415 (19) | 3118 (3) | 461 (24) | 5967 (11) | 15,750 (16) | 62,720 (16) | 12·7 (8·4‒16·9) | 6·55 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 62,629 (15) | 51,717 (32) | 4529 (16) | 6410 (19) | 26,853 (26) | 535 (28) | 8921 (16) | 20,915 (22) | 79,006 (20) | 21·5 (17·6‒25·3) | 5·90 |
Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 13,027 (3) | 14,817 (9) | 2112 (8) | 8701 (26) | 10,109 (10) | 183 (9) | 2700 (5) | 6602 (7) | 26,794 (7) | 9·3 (5·0‒13·6) | 6·58 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 162,212 (38) | 61,029 (38) | 14,673 (53) | 8280 (25) | 29,308 (28) | 1093 (57) | 27,394 (49) | 33,507 (35) | 112,196 (29) | 38·9 (31·5‒46·3) | 11·36 |
Cancer, n (%) | 145,254 (34) | 18,694 (12) | 8260 (30) | 5610 (17) | 29,604 (28) | 389 (20) | 9026 (16) | 20,099 (21) | 59,760 (15) | 21·5 (16·4‒26·5) | 7·71 |
Laboratory measurements | |||||||||||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | n/a | n/a | 133·4 (17·3) | 137·0 (17·0) | n/a | 136·9 (18·0) | 137·6 (20·2) | 135·1 (20·3) | 132·6 (15·8) | 135·4 (133·8‒137·1) | 2·07 |
Sodium, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 140·2 (3·4) | n/a | 139·3 (2·6) | n/a | n/a | 139·3 (3·4) | 138·5 (12·6) | 139·9 (3·0) | 139·9 (3·5) | 139·5 (139·0‒140·0) | 0·60 |
Potassium, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4·4 (0·5) | n/a | 4·8 (0·5) | 4·3 (0·4) | n/a | 4·5 (0·6) | 4·0 (0·8) | 4·5 (0·7) | 4·6 (0·5) | 4·4 (4·2‒4·6) | 0·25 |
>5.5 mmol/L, n (%) | 8927 (2) | n/a | 2888 (11) | 301 (1) | n/a | 91 (5) | 3395 (6) | 4692 (8) | 11,042 (3) | 5·3 (2·7‒7·9) | 3·52 |
Magnesium, mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 0·8 (0·1) | n/a | 0·8 (0·1) | n/a | n/a | 0·8 (0·1) | n/a | 0·8 (0·2) | 0·8 (0·5) | 0·8 (0·8‒0·8) | 0·01 |
Calcium,, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 2·2 (0·3) | n/a | 2·3 (1·2) | n/a | n/a | 2·3 (0·2) | 9·0 (0·9) | n/a | 2·4 (6·5) | 3·6 (1·0‒6·3) | 2·99 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 57·6 (28·1) | n/a | 45·1 (18·9) | 51·0 (16·0) | n/a | 42·2 (19·5) | 49·8 (20·0) | 55·1 (24·2) | 52·2 (15·8) | 50·4 (46·5‒54·4) | 5·34 |
Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1·5 (1·3) | n/a | 1·8 (5·2) | 1·3 (0·6) | n/a | 1·7 (0·8) | 1·3 (0·6) | 1·3 (1·0) | 1·3 (0·8) | 1.4 (1·3‒1·6) | 0·20 |
S-Albumin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 3·9 (0·6) | n/a | 4·0 (0·4) | n/a | n/a | 3·9 (0·6) | n/a | n/a | 4·0 (0·5) | 3·9 (3·9‒4·0) | 0·08 |
uACR, mg/g, mean (SD) | 36·3 (101·9) | n/a | 111·2 (122·1) | 87·2 (341·3) | n/a | 214·9 (635·7) | 390·8 (300·0) | 264·1 (707·5) | 117·3 (470·1) | 174·4 (83·3‒265·6) | 122·89 |
% of patients with measurement | 58·3 | n/a | 95·2 | 70·1 | n/a | 90·7 | 100·0 | 40.2 | 42·1 | 70·9 (52·4‒89·5) | 25·03 |
HbA1c DCCT, %, mean (SD) | 6·3 (1·4) | n/a | 6·3 (1·2) | 6·7 (1·1) | n/a | 6·8 (1·5) | 6·8 (1·2) | 6·5 (1·4) | 6·2 (1·2) | 6·5 (6·4‒6·7) | 0·23 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 12·7 (1·9) | n/a | 12·9 (1·9) | 13·3 (1·6) | n/a | 12·2 (1·8) | 13·4 (1·3) | 13·0 (1·8) | 13·1 (1·7) | 12·9 (12·7‒13·2) | 0·39 |
Hb 10-12, g/dL, n (%) | n/a | n/a | 7203 (26) | 3355 (17) | n/a | 633 (34) | 3941 (7) | 18,478 (24) | 63,259 (20) | 21·1 (13·9‒28·3) | 8·97 |
Hb ≤10, g/dL | n/a | n/a | 1769 (6) | 620 (3) | n/a | 208 (11) | 3034 (5) | 4042 (5) | 11,500 (4) | 5·7 (3·5‒7·9) | 2·74 |
Hematocrit, %, mean (SD) | 38·6 (5·3) | n/a | 39·8 (5·5) | 40·0 (5·0) | n/a | n/a | 40·4 (10·9) | n/a | 39·9 (4·8) | 39·7 (39·1‒40·3) | 0·69 |
<40% | n/a | n/a | 14,056 (51) | 6290 (44) | n/a | n/a | 4896 (9) | n/a | 146,214 (49) | 37·9 (18·6‒57·1) | 19·68 |
CKD treatment n (%) | 175,178 (42) | n/a | 20,247 (73) | 20,113 (60) | n/a | 1221 (63) | n/a | 51,472 (54) | 183,483 (47) | 56·3 (47·2‒65·3) | 11·31 |
RAAS inhibitor | 168,724 (40) | n/a | 19,362 (69) | 19,326 (57) | 53,320 (51) | 1217 (63) | 39,046 (69) | 49,220 (51) | 179,043 (46) | 55·9 (48·5‒63·4) | 10·76 |
MRA | 16,396 (4) | n/a | 2779 (10) | 2471 (7) | 6212 (6) | 221 (11) | 3336 (6) | 7052 (7) | 14,549 (4) | 6·9 (5·1‒8·8) | 2·65 |
SGLT-2i | 8265 (2) | n/a | 1576 (6) | 102 (0) | 3022 (3) | 80 (4) | 889 (2) | 1414 (1) | 2947 (1) | 2·3 (1·1‒3·6) | 1·79 |
Dialysis | 16,554 (4) | 6368 (4) | 1500 (5) | 475 (1) | 5672 (5) | n/a | 925 (2) | 5073 (5) | 4011 (1) | 3·5 (2·2‒4·8) | 1·89 |
SD, Standard deviation. All numbers in parenthesis are percentage if not stated otherwise. CKD, chronic kidney disease. Diagnosed CKD, patients who have a registered CKD diagnosis. RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system. MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors. DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial units.
Patients in hospital care with nationwide coverage.
Patients were mainly identified by diagnosis with a small part (7%) by laboratory data.
Random effects models were used to calculate pooled values, and the heterogeneity measure Ʈ (tau) corresponds to the estimated standard deviation of the underlying data. UK, United Kingdom.