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. 2022 Jun 30;20:100438. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100438

Table 3.

Baseline characteristics of 1,222,526 contemporary Diagnosed CKD patients defined by having a registered CKD diagnosis.

Canada Germany Israel The Netherlands Norwaya Portugal Spainb Sweden UK Pooled baseline valuec Tau
Number of patients, n 421,795 161,407 27,868 33,723 104,116 1932 56,435 95,575 391,618 n/a n/a
Index year 2018 2019 2021 2019 2020 2019 2018 2019 2019
Age, years (SD) 68 (17) 77 (11) 75 (12) 75 (12) 70 (16) 78 (11) 76 (14) 68 (19) 75 (14) 73·5 (71·0‒76·0) 3·83
Females, n (%) 206,645 (49) 81,193 (50) 10,427 (37) 18,672 (55) 43,074 (41) 965 (50) 26,957 (48) 46,052 (48) 225,933 (58) 48·6 (44·5‒52·6) 6·24
CKD diagnosis, n (%) 421,795 (100) 161,407 (100) 27,868 (100) 33,723 (100) 104,116 (100) 1932 (100) 56,435 (100) 95,575 (100) 391,618 (100) 100·0 (100·0‒100·0) 0·00
Comorbidities
 Heart failure, n (%) 113,464 (27) 63,683 (39) 4963 (18) 5365 (16) 22,734 (22) 750 (39) 11,610 (21) 21,284 (22) 65,748 (17) 24·5 (18·6‒30·3) 8·91
 Coronary artery disease, n (%) 126,325 (30) 21,695 (13) 5032 (18) 9222 (27) 30,260 (29) 440 (23) 10,519 (19) 22,339 (23) 123,088 (31) 23·8 (19·7‒27·8) 6·18
 Stroke, n (%) 40,780 (10) 13,328 (8) 2014 (7) 6415 (19) 3118 (3) 461 (24) 5967 (11) 15,750 (16) 62,720 (16) 12·7 (8·4‒16·9) 6·55
 Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) 62,629 (15) 51,717 (32) 4529 (16) 6410 (19) 26,853 (26) 535 (28) 8921 (16) 20,915 (22) 79,006 (20) 21·5 (17·6‒25·3) 5·90
 Peripheral artery disease, n (%) 13,027 (3) 14,817 (9) 2112 (8) 8701 (26) 10,109 (10) 183 (9) 2700 (5) 6602 (7) 26,794 (7) 9·3 (5·0‒13·6) 6·58
 Diabetes, n (%) 162,212 (38) 61,029 (38) 14,673 (53) 8280 (25) 29,308 (28) 1093 (57) 27,394 (49) 33,507 (35) 112,196 (29) 38·9 (31·5‒46·3) 11·36
 Cancer, n (%) 145,254 (34) 18,694 (12) 8260 (30) 5610 (17) 29,604 (28) 389 (20) 9026 (16) 20,099 (21) 59,760 (15) 21·5 (16·4‒26·5) 7·71
Laboratory measurements
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) n/a n/a 133·4 (17·3) 137·0 (17·0) n/a 136·9 (18·0) 137·6 (20·2) 135·1 (20·3) 132·6 (15·8) 135·4 (133·8‒137·1) 2·07
 Sodium, mmol/L, mean (SD) 140·2 (3·4) n/a 139·3 (2·6) n/a n/a 139·3 (3·4) 138·5 (12·6) 139·9 (3·0) 139·9 (3·5) 139·5 (139·0‒140·0) 0·60
 Potassium, mmol/L, mean (SD) 4·4 (0·5) n/a 4·8 (0·5) 4·3 (0·4) n/a 4·5 (0·6) 4·0 (0·8) 4·5 (0·7) 4·6 (0·5) 4·4 (4·2‒4·6) 0·25
  >5.5 mmol/L, n (%) 8927 (2) n/a 2888 (11) 301 (1) n/a 91 (5) 3395 (6) 4692 (8) 11,042 (3) 5·3 (2·7‒7·9) 3·52
 Magnesium, mmol/L, mean (SD)) 0·8 (0·1) n/a 0·8 (0·1) n/a n/a 0·8 (0·1) n/a 0·8 (0·2) 0·8 (0·5) 0·8 (0·8‒0·8) 0·01
 Calcium,, mmol/L, mean (SD) 2·2 (0·3) n/a 2·3 (1·2) n/a n/a 2·3 (0·2) 9·0 (0·9) n/a 2·4 (6·5) 3·6 (1·0‒6·3) 2·99
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) 57·6 (28·1) n/a 45·1 (18·9) 51·0 (16·0) n/a 42·2 (19·5) 49·8 (20·0) 55·1 (24·2) 52·2 (15·8) 50·4 (46·5‒54·4) 5·34
 Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) 1·5 (1·3) n/a 1·8 (5·2) 1·3 (0·6) n/a 1·7 (0·8) 1·3 (0·6) 1·3 (1·0) 1·3 (0·8) 1.4 (1·3‒1·6) 0·20
 S-Albumin, g/dL, mean (SD) 3·9 (0·6) n/a 4·0 (0·4) n/a n/a 3·9 (0·6) n/a n/a 4·0 (0·5) 3·9 (3·9‒4·0) 0·08
uACR, mg/g, mean (SD) 36·3 (101·9) n/a 111·2 (122·1) 87·2 (341·3) n/a 214·9 (635·7) 390·8 (300·0) 264·1 (707·5) 117·3 (470·1) 174·4 (83·3‒265·6) 122·89
  % of patients with measurement 58·3 n/a 95·2 70·1 n/a 90·7 100·0 40.2 42·1 70·9 (52·4‒89·5) 25·03
 HbA1c DCCT, %, mean (SD) 6·3 (1·4) n/a 6·3 (1·2) 6·7 (1·1) n/a 6·8 (1·5) 6·8 (1·2) 6·5 (1·4) 6·2 (1·2) 6·5 (6·4‒6·7) 0·23
 Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD) 12·7 (1·9) n/a 12·9 (1·9) 13·3 (1·6) n/a 12·2 (1·8) 13·4 (1·3) 13·0 (1·8) 13·1 (1·7) 12·9 (12·7‒13·2) 0·39
  Hb 10-12, g/dL, n (%) n/a n/a 7203 (26) 3355 (17) n/a 633 (34) 3941 (7) 18,478 (24) 63,259 (20) 21·1 (13·9‒28·3) 8·97
  Hb ≤10, g/dL n/a n/a 1769 (6) 620 (3) n/a 208 (11) 3034 (5) 4042 (5) 11,500 (4) 5·7 (3·5‒7·9) 2·74
Hematocrit, %, mean (SD) 38·6 (5·3) n/a 39·8 (5·5) 40·0 (5·0) n/a n/a 40·4 (10·9) n/a 39·9 (4·8) 39·7 (39·1‒40·3) 0·69
  <40% n/a n/a 14,056 (51) 6290 (44) n/a n/a 4896 (9) n/a 146,214 (49) 37·9 (18·6‒57·1) 19·68
CKD treatment n (%) 175,178 (42) n/a 20,247 (73) 20,113 (60) n/a 1221 (63) n/a 51,472 (54) 183,483 (47) 56·3 (47·2‒65·3) 11·31
 RAAS inhibitor 168,724 (40) n/a 19,362 (69) 19,326 (57) 53,320 (51) 1217 (63) 39,046 (69) 49,220 (51) 179,043 (46) 55·9 (48·5‒63·4) 10·76
 MRA 16,396 (4) n/a 2779 (10) 2471 (7) 6212 (6) 221 (11) 3336 (6) 7052 (7) 14,549 (4) 6·9 (5·1‒8·8) 2·65
 SGLT-2i 8265 (2) n/a 1576 (6) 102 (0) 3022 (3) 80 (4) 889 (2) 1414 (1) 2947 (1) 2·3 (1·1‒3·6) 1·79
 Dialysis 16,554 (4) 6368 (4) 1500 (5) 475 (1) 5672 (5) n/a 925 (2) 5073 (5) 4011 (1) 3·5 (2·2‒4·8) 1·89

SD, Standard deviation. All numbers in parenthesis are percentage if not stated otherwise. CKD, chronic kidney disease. Diagnosed CKD, patients who have a registered CKD diagnosis. RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system. MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors. DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial units.

a

Patients in hospital care with nationwide coverage.

b

Patients were mainly identified by diagnosis with a small part (7%) by laboratory data.

c

Random effects models were used to calculate pooled values, and the heterogeneity measure Ʈ (tau) corresponds to the estimated standard deviation of the underlying data. UK, United Kingdom.