Table 3. Ranking of validity and reliability and practicability scores for macaques, 56 indices (n=67 respondents *).
| 56 macaque indicators from Truelove et al. (2020) | Q3. Of the 56 indices, which do you think are the most valid and reliable for assessing NHP welfare? | Q4. How practical are the indices you selected for assessing NHP welfare? | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potential indicator | Count (n) | Valid, reliable (%) | Count (n) | Practical (%) |
| Self-harm behaviour # | 54 | 80.6 | 44 | 81.5 |
| Social enrichment ^ | 52 | 77.6 | 45 | 86.5 |
| Cage dimensions ^ | 51 | 76.1 | 43 | 84.3 |
| Body weight ## | 49 | 73.1 | 40 | 81.6 |
| Health monitoring programme ++ | 49 | 73.1 | 38 | 79.2 |
| Appetite # | 47 | 70.1 | 35 | 74.5 |
| Staff training ++ | 47 | 70.1 | 38 | 80.9 |
| Positive reinforcement training ++ | 47 | 70.1 | 36 | 76.6 |
| NHP induced injuries ## | 46 | 68.7 | 38 | 84.4 |
| Behavioural management programme ++ | 46 | 68.7 | 34 | 73.9 |
| Vertical space ^ | 45 | 67.2 | 41 | 91.1 |
| Cage furniture ^ | 43 | 64.2 | 40 | 93.0 |
| Blood in faeces/urine ## | 43 | 64.2 | 34 | 79.1 |
| Huddled posture # | 43 | 64.2 | 38 | 88.4 |
| Physical enrichment ^ | 43 | 64.2 | 40 | 93.0 |
| Stereotypy # | 43 | 64.2 | 31 | 72.1 |
| Social density ^ | 42 | 62.7 | 32 | 76.2 |
| Food enrichment ^ | 41 | 61.2 | 38 | 92.7 |
| See other NHPs ^ | 41 | 61.2 | 40 | 97.6 |
| Mortality ## | 40 | 59.7 | 31 | 79.5 |
| Animal caregiver observations ++ | 40 | 59.7 | 35 | 87.5 |
| Weaning age + | 40 | 59.7 | 29 | 72.5 |
| Environmental complexity ^ | 39 | 58.2 | 29 | 74.4 |
| Prolapse ## | 38 | 56.7 | 30 | 78.9 |
| Frequency of surgeries during lifetime + | 37 | 55.2 | 26 | 70.3 |
| Humane euthanasia programme ++ | 36 | 53.7 | 31 | 86.1 |
| Frequency of sedations during lifetime + | 36 | 53.7 | 26 | 72.2 |
| Frequency of medical procedures during lifetime + | 36 | 53.7 | 26 | 72.2 |
| Visual barriers between cages ^ | 34 | 50.7 | 31 | 91.2 |
| Frequency of moves during lifetime + | 33 | 49.3 | 22 | 66.7 |
| Visual barriers within cages ^ | 32 | 47.8 | 29 | 90.6 |
| Discharges ## | 32 | 47.8 | 28 | 90.3 |
| Environmental-induced injuries ## | 31 | 46.3 | 19 | 61.3 |
| Rearing history + | 31 | 46.3 | 22 | 71.0 |
| Provision of variety of food ^ | 30 | 44.8 | 25 | 83.3 |
| Room temperature ^ ^ | 28 | 41.8 | 20 | 71.4 |
| Field of view ^ | 28 | 41.8 | 15 | 55.6 |
| Dyspnoea # | 26 | 38.8 | 19 | 73.1 |
| Sensory enrichment ^ | 26 | 38.8 | 19 | 73.1 |
| Fear of other NHPs # | 25 | 37.3 | 14 | 56.0 |
| Disease surveillance ++ | 24 | 35.8 | 21 | 87.5 |
| Destructible enrichment ^ | 24 | 35.8 | 22 | 91.7 |
| Frequency of chair restraint + | 23 | 34.3 | 12 | 52.2 |
| Light intensity ^ ^ | 22 | 32.8 | 21 | 95.5 |
| Hear other NHPs ^ ^ | 22 | 32.8 | 19 | 86.4 |
| Cage position ^ | 22 | 32.8 | 12 | 57.1 |
| Room cleaning frequency ++ | 22 | 32.8 | 15 | 68.2 |
| Manipulanda ^ | 21 | 31.3 | 15 | 71.4 |
| Humidity ^ ^ | 20 | 29.9 | 15 | 78.9 |
| Room ventilation ^^ | 18 | 26.9 | 14 | 77.8 |
| Daily number of meals ++ | 18 | 26.9 | 14 | 77.8 |
| Intentional exposure to novelty ++ | 18 | 26.9 | 9 | 50.0 |
| See humans ^ | 17 | 25.4 | 15 | 88.2 |
| Daily timing of meals ++ | 15 | 22.4 | 12 | 80.0 |
| Frequency of inoculations during lifetime + | 12 | 17.9 | 9 | 75.0 |
| Provision of browse ^ | 12 | 17.9 | 10 | 83.3 |
NHP=non-human primates.
*
Fewer respondents replied to Q4.