Table 3. Ranking of validity and reliability and practicability scores for macaques, 56 indices (n=67 respondents *).
56 macaque indicators from Truelove et al. (2020) | Q3. Of the 56 indices, which do you think are the most valid and reliable for assessing NHP welfare? | Q4. How practical are the indices you selected for assessing NHP welfare? | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Potential indicator | Count (n) | Valid, reliable (%) | Count (n) | Practical (%) |
Self-harm behaviour # | 54 | 80.6 | 44 | 81.5 |
Social enrichment ^ | 52 | 77.6 | 45 | 86.5 |
Cage dimensions ^ | 51 | 76.1 | 43 | 84.3 |
Body weight ## | 49 | 73.1 | 40 | 81.6 |
Health monitoring programme ++ | 49 | 73.1 | 38 | 79.2 |
Appetite # | 47 | 70.1 | 35 | 74.5 |
Staff training ++ | 47 | 70.1 | 38 | 80.9 |
Positive reinforcement training ++ | 47 | 70.1 | 36 | 76.6 |
NHP induced injuries ## | 46 | 68.7 | 38 | 84.4 |
Behavioural management programme ++ | 46 | 68.7 | 34 | 73.9 |
Vertical space ^ | 45 | 67.2 | 41 | 91.1 |
Cage furniture ^ | 43 | 64.2 | 40 | 93.0 |
Blood in faeces/urine ## | 43 | 64.2 | 34 | 79.1 |
Huddled posture # | 43 | 64.2 | 38 | 88.4 |
Physical enrichment ^ | 43 | 64.2 | 40 | 93.0 |
Stereotypy # | 43 | 64.2 | 31 | 72.1 |
Social density ^ | 42 | 62.7 | 32 | 76.2 |
Food enrichment ^ | 41 | 61.2 | 38 | 92.7 |
See other NHPs ^ | 41 | 61.2 | 40 | 97.6 |
Mortality ## | 40 | 59.7 | 31 | 79.5 |
Animal caregiver observations ++ | 40 | 59.7 | 35 | 87.5 |
Weaning age + | 40 | 59.7 | 29 | 72.5 |
Environmental complexity ^ | 39 | 58.2 | 29 | 74.4 |
Prolapse ## | 38 | 56.7 | 30 | 78.9 |
Frequency of surgeries during lifetime + | 37 | 55.2 | 26 | 70.3 |
Humane euthanasia programme ++ | 36 | 53.7 | 31 | 86.1 |
Frequency of sedations during lifetime + | 36 | 53.7 | 26 | 72.2 |
Frequency of medical procedures during lifetime + | 36 | 53.7 | 26 | 72.2 |
Visual barriers between cages ^ | 34 | 50.7 | 31 | 91.2 |
Frequency of moves during lifetime + | 33 | 49.3 | 22 | 66.7 |
Visual barriers within cages ^ | 32 | 47.8 | 29 | 90.6 |
Discharges ## | 32 | 47.8 | 28 | 90.3 |
Environmental-induced injuries ## | 31 | 46.3 | 19 | 61.3 |
Rearing history + | 31 | 46.3 | 22 | 71.0 |
Provision of variety of food ^ | 30 | 44.8 | 25 | 83.3 |
Room temperature ^ ^ | 28 | 41.8 | 20 | 71.4 |
Field of view ^ | 28 | 41.8 | 15 | 55.6 |
Dyspnoea # | 26 | 38.8 | 19 | 73.1 |
Sensory enrichment ^ | 26 | 38.8 | 19 | 73.1 |
Fear of other NHPs # | 25 | 37.3 | 14 | 56.0 |
Disease surveillance ++ | 24 | 35.8 | 21 | 87.5 |
Destructible enrichment ^ | 24 | 35.8 | 22 | 91.7 |
Frequency of chair restraint + | 23 | 34.3 | 12 | 52.2 |
Light intensity ^ ^ | 22 | 32.8 | 21 | 95.5 |
Hear other NHPs ^ ^ | 22 | 32.8 | 19 | 86.4 |
Cage position ^ | 22 | 32.8 | 12 | 57.1 |
Room cleaning frequency ++ | 22 | 32.8 | 15 | 68.2 |
Manipulanda ^ | 21 | 31.3 | 15 | 71.4 |
Humidity ^ ^ | 20 | 29.9 | 15 | 78.9 |
Room ventilation ^^ | 18 | 26.9 | 14 | 77.8 |
Daily number of meals ++ | 18 | 26.9 | 14 | 77.8 |
Intentional exposure to novelty ++ | 18 | 26.9 | 9 | 50.0 |
See humans ^ | 17 | 25.4 | 15 | 88.2 |
Daily timing of meals ++ | 15 | 22.4 | 12 | 80.0 |
Frequency of inoculations during lifetime + | 12 | 17.9 | 9 | 75.0 |
Provision of browse ^ | 12 | 17.9 | 10 | 83.3 |
NHP=non-human primates.
Fewer respondents replied to Q4.