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. 2023 May 22;11:272. Originally published 2022 Mar 3. [Version 3] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.109380.3

Table 3. Ranking of validity and reliability and practicability scores for macaques, 56 indices (n=67 respondents *).

56 macaque indicators from Truelove et al. (2020) Q3. Of the 56 indices, which do you think are the most valid and reliable for assessing NHP welfare? Q4. How practical are the indices you selected for assessing NHP welfare?
Potential indicator Count (n) Valid, reliable (%) Count (n) Practical (%)
Self-harm behaviour # 54 80.6 44 81.5
Social enrichment ^ 52 77.6 45 86.5
Cage dimensions ^ 51 76.1 43 84.3
Body weight ## 49 73.1 40 81.6
Health monitoring programme ++ 49 73.1 38 79.2
Appetite # 47 70.1 35 74.5
Staff training ++ 47 70.1 38 80.9
Positive reinforcement training ++ 47 70.1 36 76.6
NHP induced injuries ## 46 68.7 38 84.4
Behavioural management programme ++ 46 68.7 34 73.9
Vertical space ^ 45 67.2 41 91.1
Cage furniture ^ 43 64.2 40 93.0
Blood in faeces/urine ## 43 64.2 34 79.1
Huddled posture # 43 64.2 38 88.4
Physical enrichment ^ 43 64.2 40 93.0
Stereotypy # 43 64.2 31 72.1
Social density ^ 42 62.7 32 76.2
Food enrichment ^ 41 61.2 38 92.7
See other NHPs ^ 41 61.2 40 97.6
Mortality ## 40 59.7 31 79.5
Animal caregiver observations ++ 40 59.7 35 87.5
Weaning age + 40 59.7 29 72.5
Environmental complexity ^ 39 58.2 29 74.4
Prolapse ## 38 56.7 30 78.9
Frequency of surgeries during lifetime + 37 55.2 26 70.3
Humane euthanasia programme ++ 36 53.7 31 86.1
Frequency of sedations during lifetime + 36 53.7 26 72.2
Frequency of medical procedures during lifetime + 36 53.7 26 72.2
Visual barriers between cages ^ 34 50.7 31 91.2
Frequency of moves during lifetime + 33 49.3 22 66.7
Visual barriers within cages ^ 32 47.8 29 90.6
Discharges ## 32 47.8 28 90.3
Environmental-induced injuries ## 31 46.3 19 61.3
Rearing history + 31 46.3 22 71.0
Provision of variety of food ^ 30 44.8 25 83.3
Room temperature ^ ^ 28 41.8 20 71.4
Field of view ^ 28 41.8 15 55.6
Dyspnoea # 26 38.8 19 73.1
Sensory enrichment ^ 26 38.8 19 73.1
Fear of other NHPs # 25 37.3 14 56.0
Disease surveillance ++ 24 35.8 21 87.5
Destructible enrichment ^ 24 35.8 22 91.7
Frequency of chair restraint + 23 34.3 12 52.2
Light intensity ^ ^ 22 32.8 21 95.5
Hear other NHPs ^ ^ 22 32.8 19 86.4
Cage position ^ 22 32.8 12 57.1
Room cleaning frequency ++ 22 32.8 15 68.2
Manipulanda ^ 21 31.3 15 71.4
Humidity ^ ^ 20 29.9 15 78.9
Room ventilation ^^ 18 26.9 14 77.8
Daily number of meals ++ 18 26.9 14 77.8
Intentional exposure to novelty ++ 18 26.9 9 50.0
See humans ^ 17 25.4 15 88.2
Daily timing of meals ++ 15 22.4 12 80.0
Frequency of inoculations during lifetime + 12 17.9 9 75.0
Provision of browse ^ 12 17.9 10 83.3

NHP=non-human primates.

*

Fewer respondents replied to Q4.