Table 2.
Outcomes evaluated in studies assessing immune response in tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection (n=4).
| Study | Immune response parameters evaluated | Findings with significant difference (p<0.05). | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rajamanickam et al. (13) | Cytokines | IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-25 y IL-33, G-SCF, GM-CSF, and IL-1Rα |
The levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-25 and IL-33 were higher in LTBI/COVID19 vs. COVID19. |
| Chemokines | CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL19, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CX3CL1. | CCL3 and CXCL10 levels were higher in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. | |
| Growth factors | VEGF, EGF, FGF-2, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, TGFα, Fit-3L, GZB, PDL-1, TRAIL, and CD40L | VEGF and TGFα levels were higher in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. | |
| Laboratory inflammatory markers | CRP, α-2- microglobulin, haptoglobin and serum amyloid. | CRP and α-2- microglobulin levels were higher in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. | |
| Humoral response | Ig M, Ig G, Ig A, and neutralization capacity. | Levels of neutralizing antibodies, Ig M, Ig G and Ig A specific against SARS-CoV-2, were higher in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. |
|
| Petrone et al. (16) | Antigen responsiveness | IFN-γ response to TB1, TB2, CD4S, MIT antigens. | For TB1, IFN-γ level was higher in aTB/COVID-19 and LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. |
| For TB2, IFN-γ level was higher in aTB/COVID-19 and LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. | |||
| For CD4S, the IFN-γ level was lower in aTB/COVID-19 vs. LTBI/COVID-19 and COVID-19. | |||
| Riou et al. (15) | Lymphocytes | TCD4/SARS-CoV-2 | TCD4/SARS-CoV-2 show lower polyfunctional capacity (INF-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) in aTB/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. |
| The overall phenotype of TCD4/SARS-CoV-2 was different in aTB/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. | |||
| TCD4/Mtb | Number of TCD4/Mtb was lower COVID-19 vs. Non COVID-19 | ||
| Madan et al. (14) | Laboratory inflammatory markers | Absolute lymphocyte counts Absolute and percentage count of neutrophils and monocytes, NRL and CRP, D-dimer, fibrinogen and ferritin. |
Absolute monocyte count was higher in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. |
| NRL was lower in LTBI/COVID1-9 vs. COVID-19. | |||
| CRP level was lower in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19 | |||
| Lymphocytes | Absolute and percentage lymphocyte counts | Absolute lymphocyte count was higher in LTBI/COVID-19 vs. COVID-19. | |
CRP, C-reactive protein.
NRL, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.
TCD4/SARS-CoV-2, Specific CD4 T-cell response against SARS-CoV-2.
TCD4/Mtb, Specific CD4+ T-cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
CD4S, Peptide derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.
MIT, Mitogenic antigen.