TABLE 1.

Comparison of PBP and other pedagogies.

	Direct instruction	PBL	Design thinking	Makers education	PBP
Connotation	A teacher-centered pedagogy in which the teacher gives lectures or demonstrates exercises and presents the information in clear steps, then students follow the instructions to reinforce their knowledge and skills.	A general learner-centered pedagogy that organizes learning around projects and focuses on facilitating inquiry, problem-solving, and investigation around challenging problems	A pedagogy for meaningful and effective design through hands-on activities helps to build empathy, foster action, encourage ideas, and promote positive problem-solving	A pedagogy for generating a creative idea and materializing it by making, tinkering, and emphasizing the construction, modification, and/or reuse of material objects applicable to craft techniques or digital technologies.	A pedagogy that focuses on product design and development to solve real-world problems and discover the market value, using products as a vehicle to promote creativity and innovative thinking
Features	1. An explicit step-by-step strategy. 2. Development of mastery at each step in the process. 3. Strategy (or process) corrections for student errors. 4. Use adequate examples. 5. Teachers provide feedback and guidance.	1. Driving Questions 2. Situated Inquiry 3.Collaborations 4. Using Technology Tools To Support Learning 5. Creation Of Artifacts	1. User-centered, empathy-driven approach designed to create solutions 2. Based on a human-centered experience 3. Guided prototyping through a “test-and-learn” cycle	1. Advanced technical equipment support system 2. Open source, free, and sharing maker culture 3. Quasi-real situation learning mode	1. Emphasizing tangible products as the project outcome and as a carrier to promote students’ creativity and innovative thinking 2. Motivate students with phenomena for problem identification and solving 3. Emphasize iteration and value assessment
Steps	Breaking instructional tasks into small steps through explicit teacher-led instruction	Four processes: planning, designing, producing, and revising	Five stages of action: empathy, definition, conceptualization, prototyping, and testing	Four fundamental phases: preparation, experimentation, prototyping, and integration feedback	7P: phenomenon, problem, plan, prototype, product, presentation, price