Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Country | Sample size (antioxidant/control) | Population characteristic (antioxidant/control) | Intervention (antioxidant/control) | Subgroup on antioxidants | Control group | Duration of intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caballero [1] | UK | 36/78 | Age(years):42.9 ± 7.1/42.8 ± 7.2 BMI (kg/m2): 30.0 ± 4.4/30.3 ± 3.5 |
The Ascophyllum (poly)phenol-rich blend 400 mg/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Collaborators et al. [2] | Poland | 30/30 | Age (years): 43.8 ± 8.2/41.0 ± 8.8 BMI (kg/m2): 39.2 ± 6.0/37.5 ± 4.8 |
Average arginine 43.3 mg/kg/day bodyweight in women and 48.6 mg/kg/day in men | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 3 months |
| Bazrafshani et al. [3] | Iran | 16/19 | Age (years): 38 ± 10.9/42 ± 14.4 BMI (kg/m2): 37.1 ± 8.9 41.8 ± 8.5 |
L-selenomethionine (S) 240 μg/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Valerio et al. [4] | Iran | 27/28 | Age (years): 44.07 ± 7.82/42.39 ± 7.21 BMI (kg/m2): 33.16 ± 1.72/35.03 ± 3.48 |
L-arginine 6 g/d | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Malone and Hansen [5] | Brazil | 24/22 | BMI (kg/m2): 32.5 ± 4.3/33.3 ± 4.6 | Roasted baru almonds 20 g/day | Mixed | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Nikolopoulou and Kadoglou [6] | Brazil | 24/22 | BMI (kg/m2): 32.54 ± 4.35/33.34 ± 4.69 | Roasted baru almonds 20 g/day | Mixed | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Milic et al. [7] | USA | 19/19 | BMI (kg/m2): 92.22 ± 3.52/92.75 ± 4.13 | Dried apple 240 kcal/day | Mixed | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Fernández-Sánchez et al. [8] | Iran | 25/25 | Age (years): 39.44 ± 10.54/40.68 ± 9.87 BMI (kg/m2): 31.23 ± 3.03/31.47 ± 3.85 |
Zinc gluconate (contained 30 mg/d elemental zinc) | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Fonseca-Alaniz et al. [9] | Iran | 23/22 | Age (years): 40.6 ± 5.6/38.8 ± 6.5 BMI (kg/m2): 33.8 ± 3.7/34.1 ± 4.5 |
ALA 1200 mg/day plus vitamin E 400 mg/day | Fat-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Dludla et al. [10] | Iran | 30/30 | Age (years): 39.16 ± 9.59/36.36 ± 9.9 BMI (kg/m2): 37.14 ± 5.40/36.29 ± 4.66 |
Majoun 10 g/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Bjorklund and Chirumbolo [11] | Iran | 35/35 | Age (years): 37.23 ± 9.34/37.00 ± 7.90 BMI (kg/m2) 29.24 ± 3.36/30.39 ± 4.69 |
Caraway seed extract 30 ml/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Ohishi et al. [12] | Iran | 18/22 | Age (years): 35.63 ± 3.2/32.95 ± 1.7 BMI (kg/m2): 33.17 ± 6.34/32.64 ± 2.37 |
Zinc 30 mg/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 15 weeks |
| Szulinska et al. [13] | Germany | 23/23 | BMI (kg/m2): 32.8 ± 0.8/32.8 ± 0.8 | Epicatechin 25 mg/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 2 weeks |
| Hosseinpour-Arjmand [14] | China | 30/29 | Age (years): 41.2 ± 6.8/42.8 ± 6.9 BMI (kg/m2): 31.1 ± 2.7/30.8 ± 2.5 |
29 multivitamins and minerals one tablet/day | Mixed | Placebo | 26 weeks |
| Callcott et al. [15] | Brazil | 30/39 | Age (years): 42.3 ± 9.1/40.4 ± 10.2 BMI (kg/m2): 34.2 ± 5.1/37.1 ± 7.2 |
HD+frozen açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) 200 g/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | HD+placebo | 60 days |
| Zhao et al. [16] | Mexico | 15/24 | Age (years): 33.7 ± 11.9/38.8 ± 9.59 BMI (kg/m2): 35.6 ± 2.71/34.7 ± 2.89 |
Resveratrol 100 mg/day | Fat-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 24 weeks |
| Showell et al. [17] | Brazil | 28/28 | Age (years): 35.5 ± 6.5/33.9 ± 5.4 BMI (kg/m2): 35.8 ± 2.2/36.5 ± 2.5 |
Zinc aminochelate 30 mg/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 30 days |
| Emami et al. [18] | Iran | 29/29 | Age (years): 36.0 ± 11.9/33.6 ± 4.8 BMI (kg/m2): 33.6 ± 4.8/32.7 ± 3.7 |
Dried licorice extract 0.5 g/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Ekhlasi et al. [19] | Netherlands | 11/14 | Age (years): 36 ± 3/40 ± 3 BMI (kg/m2): 30.5 ± 0.7/29.7 ± 1.1 |
Polyphenols epigallocatechin-gallate 282 mg/d and resveratrol 80 mg/d | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Shadman et al. [20] | Poland | 28/28 | Age (years): 49.2 ± 8.8/51.5 ± 7.4 BMI (kg/m2): 32.5 ± 3.3/33.9 ± 2.3 |
Green tea extract 1 capsule/day | Water-soluble Antioxidants |
Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Showell et al. [21] | Iran | 30/30 | Age (years): 31 ± 8/33 ± 8 BMI (kg/m2): 34.7 ± 4.3/33.3 ± 5.7 |
Zinc 30 mg/kg | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 4 weeks |
| Smits et al. [22] | Poland | 24/35 | Age (years): 47.31 ± 12.04/45.92 ± 9.33 BMI (kg/m2): 34.44 ± 2.69/34.77 ± 3.00 |
DHA and EPA given in 3 capsules/day | Fat-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Piche et al. [23] | Brazil | 13/14 | Age (years): 45.76 ± 2.58/45.07 ± 3.42 BMI (kg/m2): 34.63 ± 1.20/33.82 ± 0.71 |
Juçara berry (Euterpe edulis Mart.) freeze-dried pulp 5 g/day | Mixed | Placebo | 6 weeks |
| Leisegang et al. [24] | USA | 15/17 | Age (years): 54 ± 3/49 ± 3 BMI (kg/m2): 36.8 ± 0.9/38.0 ± 0.9 |
Blueberry powder 45 g/day | Mixed | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Park et al. [25] | Poland | 44/44 | Age (years): 43.1 ± 8.6/41.5 ± 9.1 BMI (kg/m2): 36.8 ± 6.3/36.1 ± 4.9 |
The average arginine 43.3 mg/kg/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 6 months |
| Dostal et al. [26] | Poland | 15/15 | Age (years): 37.7 ± 3.40/36.3 ± 4.18 BMI (kg/m2): 37.8 ± 1.51/38.2 ± 1.94 |
Melatonin 10 mg/day | Fat-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 30 days |
| Zhang et al. [27] | Poland | 25/25 | Age (years): 49.3 ± 8.7/50.2 ± 7.2 BMI (kg/m2): 33.5 ± 6.7/33.3 ± 6.2 |
Spirulina 0.5 g/day | Water-soluble antioxidants | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Farr et al. [28] | Poland | 46/46 | Age (years): 53.0 ± 5.8/53.6 ± 5.5 BMI (kg/m2): 30.3 (26.7–38.3)/33.0 (29.2–36.1) |
Extract of garlic (2% allicin) 400 mg/d | Mixed | Placebo | 12 weeks |
| Yadav et al. [29] | Iran | 25/25 | Age (years): 32.2 ± 6.9/35.1 ± 7.2 BMI (kg/m2): 32.3 ± 4.2/32.4 ± 5.9 |
Green tea 1 g/day, capsaicin 100 mg/day, and ginger 200 mg/day | Water-soluble antioxidant | Placebo | 8 weeks |
| Balsan et al. [30] | Australia | 28/28 | Age (years): 61.4 ± 1.5/57.9 ± 1.4 BMI (kg/m2): 34.6 ± 0.7/37.0 ± 1.3 |
A fruit and vegetable concentrate supplement | Mixed | Placebo | 8 weeks |