Table 1. Presence of biofilm on penile prosthesis implants during revision surgery.
| First author, year | Percentage of biofilm present | Microbial data | Time to reoperation, median (range) | Culture sensitivities | Perioperative antibiotics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of isolates | Number of species | Organism type | |||||
| Chung, 2022* | 48/83 (56%) on next-generation sequencing; 24/83 (29%) on standard culture | – | 21 | Infected: P. aeruginosa (50%); Erosion: S. epidermidis (75%); Mechanical malfunction: E. coli (72%) | 28 months (interquartile range 43.5 months) | Vancomycin + gentamicin with broadest coverage | – |
| Gross, 2020* | 71% | – | – | Gram-positive bacteria (44%), Gram-negative bacteria (25%) | 2 months (2–81 months); mean 5.4 months | – | – |
| Gross, 2019* | 26/26 (100%) infected implants (fungal) | 26 | 5 | Candida sp. (97%), C. albicans (62%) | 4.8 months (12–120 months) | – | In addition to standard perioperative antibiotics, no patients received antifungals at initial implantation, 15% received antifungals before explant, 31% received antifungals during explant |
| Jani, 2018* | 130/236 (55%) | 127 | 27 | Staphylococcal sp. (77%), S. epidermidis (43%) | Mean 56 months (standard deviation 51 months) | All isolates sensitive to tetracycline/rifampin | – |
| Gross, 2017* | 153/227 (67%) infected implants | 204 | 35 | E. coli (18%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal sp. (15%), Candida sp. (11%) | 1.5 months (0.5–81 months); mean 4.8 months | Vancomycin + gentamicin OR vancomycin + aztreonam (86% efficacy) | Implantation: 56% vancomycin/gentamicin, 22% ancef/gentamicin; Salvage/explant: 50% vancomycin/gentamicin, 15% ancef/gentamicin |
| Ciftci, 2016 | 2/71 (3%) non-infected implants; 2/18 (11%) positive culture | 5 | 21 | S. epidermidis (57%), 2/2 biofilms cultured S. epidermidis | 41 months (8–82 months) | – | – |
| Kava, 2011* | 5/51 (10%) | 7 | 6 | S. epidermidis (29%) | 9.6 months (6–138 months) | – | – |
| Henry, 2008* | 97/148 (66%) non-infected implants | 124 | 20 | Staphylococcal sp. (87%), S. epidermidis (44%) | Mean 47.9 months (range 1–190 months) | – | – |
| Silverstein, 2006 | 7/10 (70%) non-infected implants; 7/8 (88%) positive culture | – | – | Gram-positive cocci (80%), Gram-negative rods (70%), Yeast (60%) | >2 years | – | – |
| Henry, 2004* | 54/77 (70%) non-infected implants | 64 | 15 | Staphylococcal sp. (81%), S. epidermidis (39%) | Mean 53 months (range 2–190 months) | All Staphylococcal sp. isolates sensitive to tetracycline/rifampin | – |
| Nickel, 1986 | 2/2 (100%) infected implants | – | – | Coccoid bacterial cells (100%), P. aeruginosa (50%) | 1 month; 2 years | – | Cefalexin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
*, Studies did not explicitly mention the number of biofilms identified, but noted that bacterial biofilm was swabbed and cultured if observed during salvage procedure.