Table 5.

Summary of 5G NS initiatives.

Project Name	Application Areas	Tools SDN, NFV	Features	Objectives
5G-XHAUL (2015–2018) [32]	Automotive, e-health	✓,✓	NS concept and administration	Create a robust SDN control plane and request statistical models that are agility smart for optical/wireless 5G networks.
5G!PAGODA (2016–2019) [33]	IoT, human Interaction	✓,✓	Coherent architecture	The primary goals are to create a consistent infrastructure that allows Europe and Japan to collaborate on research and standards. The suggested innovations are designed to work with a common SDN/NFV-based architecture.
5G-MoNArch (2017–2019) [34]	Smart cities, industry 4.0	✓,✓	Software development and validation kits	Developed a detailed NS framework and used its flexibility to fully integrate functionalities necessary for industrial, media and entertainment, and smart city use cases.
ONE5G (2017–2019) [35]	Agricultural, automotive	✓,✓	NS design and management	To suggest enhanced network skills and modifications ahead of release fifteen to allow multi-service function and functional execution of “5G advanced (pro),” including upcoming network applications, advanced massive MIMO enablers, and link control.
SLICENET (2017–2020) [36]	Smart cities, e-health, smart grid	✓,✓	Software development and support	Generate a platform for smart network control, governance, and orchestration in SDN/NFV-enabled 5G networks to support infrastructure exchange across multiple operator domains.
5G-TANGO (2017–2020) [37]	Broadcasting, real-time comms, industry 4.0	✓,✓	_____	Provides commercial prospects through network adaptation and adaptation to vertical technical standards by decreasing the access barrier for third-party designers and enabling the building and integration of virtual network functions (VNFs) and application elements as “network services”.
MATILDA (2017–2019) [38]	Media, smart cities, automotive, industry 4.0	✓,✓	_____	Design a fundamental shift in the development of software for 5G-ready solutions, as well as virtual and physical network operations and network services. A cross virtualized infrastructure manager helps to manage cloud/edge computing and IoT resources from various locations.
5GCity (2017–2019) [39]	Smart cities, neutral masses, broadcasting	✓,✓	_____	Optimize the financial return for the whole virtual market chain and to deploy a common, multi-tenant, open forum that expands the (consolidated) cloud model to the network’s outer limit.
5G ESSENCE (2017–2020) [40]	Entertainment, public safety	✓,✓	_____	Manages the concepts of small cell as a service and edge cloud technology via enabling the drivers and reducing obstacles in the small cell industry, which anticipated to expand quickly and play a key role in the 5G ecosystem.
5G-TRANSFORMER (2017–2020) [41]	E-health, media, and entertainment, automotive	✓,✓	NS design and organization	Create a 5G network architecture centered on SDN/NFV that tailored to certain vertical sectors.
5GMobix (2018–2021) [42]	Associated and autonomous driving	✕,✕	Automated vehicle functionalities	Intends to link the benefits of 5G technology with sophisticated connected autonomous mobility applications to allow novel, traditionally implausible, autonomous car applications, both technically and commercially.
Primo-5G (2018–2021) [43]	Smart firefighting	✕,✕	Network framework	Demonstrate a comprehensive 5G system capable of providing interactive virtual solutions for moving items, achieved with cross-continental testbeds that connect radio access and core networks built by different project participants.
5G DRONES (2019–2022) [44]	eMBB, mIoT, uRLLC	✕,✕	Innovative developments	The drones intended to assess various UAV use-cases for eMBB, uRLLC, and mIoT 5G services as well as validate 5G KPIs for supporting them. The project will build on the ICT-17 projects’ 5G infrastructure and number of support locations while also identifying and developing the remaining elements.
INSPIRE-5Gplus (2019–2022) [45]	Self-directed and connected vehicles to critical industry 4.0	✕,✓	System framework, protection, and isolation	Intends to bring a significant shift in the access control of 5G networks and well beyond at the platform, vertical application, and quality of service.
AutoAir (2019) [46]	Authentication and advancement of associated and independent automobiles	✕,✕	System framework	Allow the testing and deployment of self—driving technology. In addition to requiring more network bandwidth than is currently available, fast travel speeds hinder cell-tower handoff. It will also look at whether these 5G connection options may be applied to both road and rail transportation.
MonB5G (2019–2022) [47]	Zero-touch processing and planning across business zones	✕,✕	E2E orchestration and protection	Allow NS at enormous sizes for 5G LTE and beyond, offer zero-touch administration and orchestration.
Semantic (2020–2023) [48]	Multi-GHz range networks, MEC-enabled use provisioning and E2E	✕,✕	E2E orchestration	Presents a unique research training system for multi-Ghz limit connectivity, MEC enabled approach encompasses, and E2E NS, all integrated and jointly managed with forward data service automatic control that powers the large amounts of portable BIG DATA triggered into the cellular connection.
Hexa-X (2021–2023) [49]	Sustainable growth, huge linking, tele-presence, and regional trust areas	✕,✓	System framework, scalability, protection, and orchestration	Aims to create leading technology enablers in the following areas: inherently new radio access techniques at high frequencies and resolution segmentation and sensor-based; integrated smartness via AI-driven radio interface and management for large scale deployments; 6G structural enablers for system partitioning and flexible reliability.