Figure 3.

Gene-expression analysis of BAX, Bcl-2, caspase-9, and p53 after treatment with IC₅₀ of H. undatus pulp and peel extracts for 48 h of (A) MCF-7 and (B) Caco-2 cells. Cells were seeded in T-25 cm² tissue culture flasks for 24 h before treatment with DMSO or with pulp or peel extracts for 48 h. Total RNA was extracted, reverse-transcribed, and assayed for BAX, Bcl-2, Caspase-9, and p53 gene expression by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. GAPDH was used as the housekeeping gene. Data from at least three independent experiments are presented as a ratio of the target gene/GAPDH expression (relative mRNA levels) and are represented as the mean ± SEM. Normalized data are expressed as fold changes, with the control set to “1.” a: Significantly different from the corresponding control group at p < 0.05. b: Significantly different from the pulp extract-treated group at p < 0.05. Multiple comparisons were accomplished using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer analysis as a post-ANOVA test.