Table 2.
Multivariable analysis of the association between high meat consumption (above gender-specific medians) at baseline and incidence or persistence of NAFLD at follow-up.
| New Onset or Persistence (vs. Never or Remission) | Incidence (New Onset among Those without the Outcome at Baseline) | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI), p-Value | ||
| NAFLD | ||
| N cases/N total (109/316) | N cases/N total (36/198) | |
| Total meat (≥88.2 g/day women/≥122.9 men) | 1.41 (0.81–2.46), 0.230 | 1.37 (0.58–3.23), 0.472 |
| Red and/or processed meat (≥16.3 g/day women/≥37.2 men) | 1.51 (0.89–2.56), 0.129 | 1.28 (0.56–2.96), 0.557 |
| Processed meat (≥1.8 g/day women/≥5.7 men) | 1.17 (0.71–1.93), 0.545 | 1.12 (0.53–2.40), 0.767 |
| Unprocessed red meat (≥9.6 g/day women/≥26.2 men) | 1.41 (0.85–2.34), 0.181 | 0.93 (0.41–2.06), 0.848 |
| NAFLD with elevated ALT 1 | ||
| N cases/N total (34/314 2) | N cases/N total (19/275) | |
| Total meat (≥88.2 g/day women/≥122.9 men) | 1.18 (0.52–2.69), 0.694 | 1.77 (0.60–5.26), 0.301 |
| Red and/or processed meat (≥16.3 g/day women/≥37.2 men) | 3.07 (1.31–7.21), 0.010 | 3.75 (1.21–11.62), 0.022 |
| Processed meat (≥1.8 g/day women/≥5.7 men) | 2.52 (1.14–5.59), 0.023 | 2.22 (0.80–6.14), 0.124 |
| Unprocessed red meat (≥9.6 g/day women/≥26.2 men) | 2.28 (1.04–4.99), 0.039 | 2.62 (0.93–7.36), 0.068 |
Abbreviations: NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; AGC, American College of Gastroenterology. All models are adjusted for baseline age (years), gender, BMI (Kg/m2), energy (Kcal), protein (% total Kcal), and cholesterol intake (mg/day). 1 Elevated ALT was defined as ALT > 33 IU/l for men and ALT > 25 IU/l for women according to the ACG clinical guidelines. 2 Only 314 subjects had ALT measurements.