Table 2.
Descriptive statistics on all outcome measures at all time points (raw complete case data; N=2182).
| Measure and arm | Time point 1 (baseline) | Time point 2 (1.5 months) | Time point 3 (4.5 months) | |||||||||
|
|
Values, n (%) | Values, mean (SD) | 95% CI | Values, n (%) | Values, mean (SD) | 95% CI | Values, n (%) | Values, mean (SD) | 95% CI | |||
| DASS-21a Stress (primary outcome) | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1087 (49.82) | 16.24 (7.80) | 15.78 to 16.71 | 701 (32.13) | 13.92 (7.65) | 13.36 to 14.49 | 552 (25.29) | 14.47 (8.11) | 13.79 to 15.15 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1095 (50.18) | 15.67 (7.40) | 15.23 to 16.11 | 715 (32.77) | 12.86 (7.06) | 12.34 to 13.38 | 571 (26.17) | 12.39 (7.85) | 11.74 to 13.03 | ||
| DASS-21 Depression | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1087 (49.82) | 10.72 (8.26) | 10.23 to 11.21 | 701 (32.13) | 9.61 (8.37) | 8.99 to 10.23 | 552 (25.29) | 9.58 (8.66) | 8.86 to 10.31 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1092 (50.05) | 10.29 (7.76) | 9.83 to 10.75 | 715 (32.77) | 8.34 (7.41) | 7.79 to 8.88 | 571 (26.17) | 7.87 (8.03) | 7.21 to 8.53 | ||
| DASS-21 Anxiety | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1087 (49.82) | 9.06 (7.43) | 8.62 to 9.51 | 701 (32.13) | 7.42 (7.1) | 6.90 to 7.95 | 552 (25.29) | 7.45 (7.19) | 6.85 to 8.05 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1095 (50.18) | 8.58 (6.99) | 8.16 to 8.99 | 716 (32.81) | 6.47 (6.26) | 6.02 to 6.93 | 571 (26.17) | 5.97 (6.49) | 5.43 to 6.50 | ||
| SWEMWBSb Well-being | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1087 (49.82) | 21.43 (3.61) | 21.22 to 21.65 | 678 (31.07) | 22.43 (4.16) | 22.12 to 22.75 | 525 (24.06) | 22.27 (4.44) | 21.89 to 22.65 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1095 (50.18) | 21.57 (3.68) | 21.35 to 21.79 | 704 (32.26) | 22.7 (3.99) | 22.41 to 23.00 | 550 (25.21) | 23.12 (4.41) | 22.76 to 23.49 | ||
| Maslachc Emotional Exhaustion | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1068 (48.95) | 26.2 (11.81) | 25.49 to 26.91 | 678 (31.07) | 24.31 (12.06) | 23.40 to 25.22 | 531 (24.34) | 24.33 (12.47) | 23.26 to 25.39 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1080 (49.5) | 25.65 (12.08) | 24.93 to 26.37 | 703 (32.22) | 23.71 (12.15) | 22.81 to 24.61 | 552 (25.29) | 23.27 (12.69) | 22.21 to 24.33 | ||
| Maslach Depersonalization | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1067 (48.9) | 5.82 (5.72) | 5.47 to 6.16 | 677 (31.03) | 5.64 (5.63) | 5.21 to 6.06 | 530 (24.29) | 5.68 (5.84) | 5.18 to 6.18 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1077 (49.36) | 5.75 (5.75) | 5.40 to 6.09 | 701 (32.13) | 5.38 (5.48) | 4.97 to 5.79 | 552 (25.29) | 5.51 (5.67) | 5.03 to 5.98 | ||
| Maslach Personal Accomplishment | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1065 (48.81) | 36.5 (7.02) | 36.08 to 36.92 | 677 (31.03) | 37.17 (6.98) | 36.64 to 37.70 | 529 (24.24) | 36.4 (7.98) | 35.72 to 37.09 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1074 (49.22) | 36.42 (6.74) | 36.01 to 36.82 | 702 (32.17) | 37.2 (7.19) | 36.67 to 47.73 | 551 (25.25) | 37.39 (7.4) | 36.77 to 38.01 | ||
| FFMQ-15d (minus Observe subscale) | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1085 (49.73) | 38.33 (7.04) | 37.91 to 38.74 | 709 (32.49) | 39.8 (7.24) | 39.27 to 40.33 | 551 (25.25) | 39.89 (7.48) | 39. 27 to 40.52 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1092 (50.05) | 38.22 (6.7) | 37.82 to 38.62 | 717 (32.86) | 40.17 (6.59) | 39.69 to40.65 | 574 | 40.93 (6.68) | 40.38 to 41.47 | ||
| SCS-SFe Self-Compassion | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1085 (49.73) | 34.11 (9.03) | 33.58 to 34.65 | 688 (31.53) | 36.28 (9.43) | 35.57 to 36.99 | 544 (26.31) | 36.29 (9.29) | 35.51 to 37.07 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1093 (50.09) | 33.86 (8.88) | 33.33 to 34.38 | 710 (32.54) | 37.3 (9.3) | 36.62 to 37.99 | 560 (25.66) | 38.22 (9.34) | 37.44 to 38.99 | ||
| PSWQf Worry | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1086 (49.77) | 54.2 (14.43) | 53.34 to 55.06 | 677 (31.03) | 51.33 (14.65) | 50.22 to 52.44 | 526 (24.11) | 51.65 (15.18) | 50.35 to 52.95 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1095 (50.18) | 53.53 (14.44) | 52.67 to 54.38 | 704 (32.26) | 50.28 (14.33) | 49.22 to 51.34 | 549 (25.16) | 49.37 (14.45) | 48.15 to 50.58 | ||
| RRSg Rumination (Brooding) | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1087 (49.82) | 10.69 (3.43) | 10.49 to 10.89 | 677 (31.03) | 9.97 (3.51) | 9.71 to 10.24 | 519 (23.79) | 9.91 (3.45) | 9.61 to 10.20 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1096 (50.23) | 10.39 (3.35) | 10.19 to 10.58 | 703 (32.22) | 9.74 (3.19) | 9.50 to 9.98 | 548 (25.11) | 9.45 (3.35) | 9.17 to 9.73 | ||
| CLSh Compassion for Others | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1085 (49.73) | 4.77 (1.1) | 4.71 to 4.84 | 675 (30.93) | 4.64 (1.15) | 4.55 to 4.73 | 518 (23.74) | 4.5 (1.24) | 4.29 to 4.61 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1094 (50.14) | 4.78 (1.09) | 4.71 to 4.84 | 702 (32.17) | 4.75 (1.12) | 4.67 to 4.84 | 540 (24.75) | 4.69 1.17 () | 4.59 to 4.79 | ||
| Sickness absence (days in past month) | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1086 (49.77) | 2.44 (7.45) | 1.99 to 2.88 | —i | — | — | 573 (26.26) | 2.04 (6.86) | 1.48 to 2.60 | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1095 (50.18) | 2.35 (7.08) | 1.93 to 2.77 | — | — | — | 593 (27.18) | 2.23 (7.99) | 1.58 to 2.87 | ||
| Formal engagement (days/week) | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | N/Aj | N/A | N/A | 653 (29.93) | 2.33 (2.01) | 2.17 to 2.48 | 522 (23.92) | 1.35 (1.65) | 1.21 to 1.49 | ||
|
|
Headspace | N/A | N/A | N/A | 679 (31.12) | 3.56 (2.26) | 3.39 to 3.73 | 544 (26.31) | 2.16 (1.91) | 2.00 to 2.32 | ||
| Informal engagement (days/week) | ||||||||||||
| Moodzone | N/A | N/A | N/A | 654 (29.97) | 2.2 (2.08) | 2.04 to 2.36 | 520 (23.83) | 1.4 (1.77) | 1.25 to 1.55 | |||
|
|
Headspace | N/A | N/A | N/A | 679 (31.12) | 2.92 (2.22) | 2.75 to 3.09 | 544 (26.31) | 3 (2.18) | 2.81 to 3.18 | ||
| CEQk credibility | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1080 (49.5) | −0.58l (2.41) | −0.72 to −0.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1082 (49.59) | 0.58l (2.55) | 0.43 to 0.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Expectancy | ||||||||||||
|
|
Moodzone | 1081 (49.54) | −0.40l (2.70) | −0.56 to −0.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
|
|
Headspace | 1091 (50) | 0.39l (2.80) | 0.23 to 0.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
aDASS-21: 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale.
bSWEMWBS: Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale.
cMaslach Burnout Inventory.
dFFMQ15: 15-item Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire.
eSCS-SF: Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form.
fPSWQ: Penn State Worry Questionnaire.
gRRS: Ruminative Response Scale.
hCLS: Compassionate Love Scale.
iNot available.
jN/A: not applicable.
kCEQ: Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire.
lMeans created from subscale totals of z scores [54].