Table 2.

Importance of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids with respect to health benefits.

Mustard Seed/Compound Source	Biological Activity	References
White mustard seed	Auriculotherapy Reduces body weight and body mass index	[60]
White mustard seed	Reduces fatigue Improves the physical and psychological condition	[61]
White mustard seed	Auriculotherapy Reduces anxiety and temporomandibular muscle contraction	[62,63]
Mustard seed powder	Improves respiratory tract infections	[64]
Mustard seed extract/Allyl isothiocyanate	Reduces volatile sulfur compound causing oral malodor	[65]
Yellow mustard bran	Reduces postprandial glycemic response	[66]
Mustard seed oil	Effect on the epidermal integrity	[67]
Mustard seed oil/α-Linolenic acid (ALA)	Association of ALA intake and ischemic stroke	[68]
ALA	Stimulates postprandial ketogenesis	[69]
ALA	No effect in fasting blood glucose and insulin and glycated hemoglobin	[70]
ALA	Reduces the severity of multiple sclerosis	[71]
ALA + quercetin	Decreases total cholesterol, LDL, apolipoprotein B	[72,73]
ALA-rich triacylglycerol (ALA-TAG) ALA-rich diacylglycerol (ALA-DAG)	Reduction in BMI and visceral fat with ALA-DAG	[74]
ALA-rich diacylglycerol (ALA-DAG)	Enhances fat utilization	[75]
ALA	Effect of ALA-rich diet on the fatty-acid composition of serum phospholipids in obese patients affected by metabolic syndrome	[76]
Sinapis alba (yellow mustard)/Glucoraphanin	Inhibits Salmonella and E. coli growth	[77]