Table A1.
Evaluation of risk of bias in studies assessing the relationship between concentrations of metabolic hormones in human milk and gestational diabetes mellitus.
| Studies | A-Selection Bias | B-Performance Bias | C-Attrition Bias | D-Detection Bias | Overall | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | A2 | A3 | O | B1 | B2 | B3 | O | C1 | C2 | C3 | O | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | O | ||
| Aydin et al., 2007 [21] | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | L |
| Aydin, 2010 [22] | Y | Y | Y | L | U | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | Y | L | U | Y | U | NA | NA | U | U |
| Ley et al., 2012 [23] | Y | N | N | H | U | NA | NA | U | Y | N | N | H | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | H |
| Aydin et al., 2013 [24] | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | L |
| Aydin et al., 2013 [25] | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | L |
| Nunes et al., 2017 [26] | N | U | Y | H | U | NA | NA | U | Y | N | U | H | Y | Y | U | NA | NA | U | H |
| Yu et al., 2018 [27] | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | U |
| Fatima et al., 2019 [28] | Y | Y | Y | L | U | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | U |
| Ustebay et al., 2019 [29] | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | Y | Y | L | Y | Y | U | NA | NA | U | U |
| Galante et al., 2020 [30] | Y | Y | U | U | U | NA | NA | U | U | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | U |
| Galante et al., 2021 [31] | Y | N | U | H | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | H |
| Choi et al., 2022 [32] | Y | Y | U | U | Y | NA | NA | L | Y | Y | U | L | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | L | U |
Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the National Institute for Clinical Excellence methodological checklist. H, high; L, low; N, no; NA, not applicable; O, overall; U, unclear; Y, yes.