Table 1.

Relationship between the needs identified and the implemented services.

Identified Needs to Be Addressed	Service Description	Technology	Level of Technology Adaptation a
Improving the social contact with an isolated older adult when there are restrictions related to personal contact that could suspend traditional in-home assistance and outpatient visits, as well as limit the services in residential care.	Telepresence Service—Due to COVID-19 restrictions, in-home social services have been suspended and/or reduced. Within residential facilities, people suspected to be affected by COVID-19 (i.e., awaiting swab results) stay isolated from the other guests. Nevertheless, using the telepresence system, social operators can talk in total “safety” with people several times a day, thus increasing the number of visits and reducing social isolation.	Double robot (official website: https://www.doublerobotics.com/ (accessed on 15 July 2022)) (Double robotics, USA) and Ohmni robot (Ohmnilab robotics, CA, USA) (official website: https://ohmnilabs.com/ (accessed on 15 July 2022)) were applied with proprietary user interfaces. Alternatively, tablets with EASI android application from Pronto Badante project were used.	Low
Checking the clinical status of COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge since the long-term effects of the infection are not fully clear. Therefore, physicians have manifested the need for specific scores to make de-hospitalization safer (e.g., the absence of fever for 48 h after discharge, improvement of the respiratory picture, and laboratory parameters).	Patient Monitoring—Thanks to the patient remote monitoring service, healthcare professionals can monitor patients after a hospital stay due to COVID-19 infection. Through a customized web page, they have to answer a set of standard questions related to clinical aspects (e.g., the presence of cough, headache, or anosmia) relevant in the case of COVID-19. Additionally, they have to monitor body temperature and blood oxygenation using two medical devices.	The system is composed of ZCare, a web platform designed to gather health data through a graphic user web interface, and to compute specific risk scores, alongside the use of pulse oximeter devices (Onyx Vantage Blue, model no. 9590, a medical device from Nonin Medical, Inc.). The system can automatically alert healthcare professionals in case of a risk score above a predefined threshold.	Medium
Reducing physical contact between doctors and patients and between patients in the waiting areas or registration desks in compliance with the prescription of the COVID-19 restriction.	Virtual Visits—This service allows performing a remote patient visit, i.e., a video visit session between doctors and patients. A dedicated service takes care of managing the contacts with the patients and planning the video visit sessions. The patient performs the administrative registration (including the payment) of the visit in the dedicated web portal. The clinical documentation is available in the hospital’s electronic medical record or is securely transmitted before the virtual video session. All medical prescriptions (clinical reports, drugs, etc.) that result from the virtual visit session are made available as digitally signed documents. The hospital aims to start an eHealth process that will be used in the future routinely, even beyond the current status of emergency determined by COVID-19	The system to perform virtual visits between the physician and the patient has been fully developed. It consists of a core application based on Jitsi (a free and open-source multiplatform VoIP and videoconferencing web application) that was adapted to be integrated with the enterprise hospital information system and specifically with the electronic medical records (EMR) solution. A sister system was developed to allow for the secure transmission of medical documentation.	High
Reducing virus transmission through cleaning and disinfection of environments, surfaces, and objects, thus guaranteeing safety in the workplace.	Disinfection—The purpose of this scenario was to develop a mobile robot able to disinfect and sterilize a hospital or nursing home room efficiently and smartly, using the germicidal capabilities of the UV-C lamps and the autonomous navigation of the robotic platform. The main idea is to have a robot that can autonomously move inside a room to reach all the corners and surfaces, to obtain better and faster sanitization.	The system is composed of MoVer1 (Co-Robotics, Italy) as a mobile robotic platform equipped with a set of ultraviolet C radiation lamps. MoVer1 has an embedded computer and several sensors such as encoders, inertial measurement units, laser scanner, and depth camera. The robot mounts a set of nine low-pressure germicidal mercury lamps that emit ultraviolet C radiation with a 254 nm dominant wavelength. Specifically, six lamps (Philips TUV T8 tubular lamp) are mounted vertically along the central axis of the robot, and three lamps (OSRAM Puritech HNS G23) are mounted inclined at 45° on top of the first one, with this arrangement the irradiation power is increased considerably. Thanks to two user interfaces (i.e., both web-based and Android app-based), the operator can easily use the robot to disinfect the environment. Demostration video of MoVer with UV-C lamp: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qP4JjAzFyfw (accessed on 15 July 2022).	High

^a Technology adaptation level: low, no need of adaptation, technology used as it is; medium, slightly/moderate integration and/or software adaptation performed; high, new software and/or hardware modules integrated to perform the service.