Table 1.
The characteristics of the articles in which probiotics are the intervention in stroke animal models.
| Author | Country | Type of Intervention | Animal Type | Number of Case | Number of Control | Measure Outcome | Result of Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-food based | Food-based | |||||||
| Akhoundzadeh, 2018 [14] | Iran | Combination of 4 viable probiotic bacteria strains, namely Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Lactobacillus acidophilus | Mice | 5 | 5 mice received saline, 5 mice were sham operated | Neurological outcome | Could not improve neurological function | |
| Histopathology (infarct size) | Reduced infarct size 52% | |||||||
| Biochemical markers | Decreased the malondialdehyde content and TNF alpha level | |||||||
| Bae, 2004 [17] | South Korea | Red ginseng and fermented red ginseng | Rat | Ginseng 5, red ginseng 5, fermented red ginseng 5 | 10 | Histopathology (infarction area, volume) | Fermented red ginseng treated group showed reduction of the infarction area in all regions and total infarction volume | |
| Chen R, 2019 [18] | United States | Puerariae Lobatae Radix(PLR) + Chuanxiong Rhizoma(CXR) | Rat | Not found | Not found | Neurological function score | Repaired neurological impairment | |
| Histopathology (body weight gain, cerebral infarction area) | Reduced the cerebral infarction | |||||||
| Biochemical level (serum level of LDL/HDL/TG/T CHO/ blood viscosity/fibrinogen level/ platelet aggregation rate) | Reversed the dyslipidemiaReduced the blood viscosity and thrombotic risk | |||||||
| Li, 2018 [19] | United States | Panax Notoginsenoside extract(PNE) | Germ free rat | Not found | Not found | Neurological evaluation | Decreased neurological deficit scores | |
| Histopathology (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assessment of infarct size) | Decreased cerebral infarct volume | |||||||
| Biochemical level (pro inflammatory cytokine/BDNF/GABA in rat hippocampus) | Upregulated the expression of GABA receptor in hippocampusDecreased rate of attenuation in BDNF expression | |||||||
| Liu, 2015 [20] | China | Clostridium butyricum | Mice | 12 | 12 | Neurological evaluation (behavioral tests, open field test, Morris water maze) | Improved spatial learning ability | |
| Histopathology (Hippocampal change) | Ameliorated the morphological changes in the HippocampusIncreased butyrate in the brain | |||||||
| Mei, 2017 [21] | China | Shuan tong ling | Rat | Not found | Not found | Neurological deficit | Increased neurological scores | |
| Histopathology (infarct volume) | Reduced infarct volume | |||||||
| Biochemical level (inflammatory cytokines including TNF alpha, IL 1 beta) | Decreased TNF alpha and IL 1 beta | |||||||
| Nagao, 2019 [22] | Japan | Fermented ginseng | Rat | Not found | Not found | Neurological evaluation (spatial memory evaluated using Morris water maze (MWM)) | Shortened the extended time to reach the platform in the MWM | |
| Histopathology (use of neuronal nuclei positive cells to assess hippocampus neuron loss, protein expression of caspase3/Iba1/glial fibrillary acidic protein) | Ameliorated loss of hippocampus cornu ammonis neurons and increased caspase-3/Iba1 | |||||||
| Pang, 2020 [23] | United Kingdom | Yam gruel | Rat | 9 | 18 | Neurological evaluation (MWM test (spatial learning and memory function)) | Improved cognitive function | |
| Biochemical markers (SOD and MDA, TNF alpha and IL 1 beta and LPS, characteristic of gut microbiota) | Increased relative content of probiotic bacteria and SCFAs in intestinal tract, cerebral cortexreduced oxidative stressand inflammatory responsePromoted the expression of neurotransmitters and brain derived neurotrophic factor | |||||||
| Park, 2016 [24] | Korea | Chungkookjang (fermented soybean) | Gerbil | Not found | Not found | Neurological evaluation | Prevented symptoms such as drooped eyelid/bristling hair/reduced muscle tone and flexor reflex/abnormal posture | |
| Histopathology (Neuronal cell death in hippocampus) | Prevent the neuronal cell deat | |||||||
| Biochemical markers (cytokine expression in hippocampus, serum cytokine levels, glucose metabolism) | Suppress cytokine expression, prevent the impairment of glucose metabolism | |||||||
| Rahmati, 2019 [25] | Netherlands | Commercial probiotics (LactoCare capsule, 109 CFU, ZIST TAKHMIR, Tehran, Iran), which are a mixture of seven probiotic bacteria strains, including Lactobacillus casei ZT-Lca.106, Lactobacillus acidophilus ZT-Lac.51, Lactobacillus rhamnosus ZT-Lrh.54, Lactobacillus bulgaricus ZT-Lbu.90, Bifidobacterium breve ZT-Bbr.22, Bifidobacterium longum ZT-Lca.106, and Streptococcus thermophilus ZT-Sth.20 | Mouse | 30 | 20 | Neurological evaluation (Spatial and learning memory) | Reduced spatial memory impairment and neurological dysfunction | |
| Histopathology (histological damage and apoptosis) | Reduced neuronal death | |||||||
| Biochemical markers malondialdehyde (MDA) content and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level | MDA and BDNF change was not significant | |||||||
| Sun, 2016 [26] | Netherlands | Clostridium butyricum | Diabetic mice | Not found | Not found | Neurological evaluaiton (Cognitive impairment) | Ameliorate cognitive impairment | |
| Histopathology (neuronal injury, apoptosis, expression of Akt/p-Akt/caspase3 level) | Ameliorate histopathologic change in the hippocampusIncrease p-Atk expression and decreased caspase-3 expression equal inhibit neuronal apoptosis | |||||||
| Biochemical markers (blood glucose level) | Decrease blood glucose level | |||||||
| Wanchao, 2018 [27] | China | Inactivated lactobacillus | Rat | 24 (divided into 4 groups with varied concentrations) | 6 | Neurological evaluationneurolobehavioral scores, | Improve neurobehavioral scores | |
| HistopathologyCerebral infarction volume, tunnel and TLR4/ IkB/A20 (cell apoptosis) | Decrease cerebral infarction volumeDecrease neural cells apoptosisInhibit expression of TLR4Promote the expression of IkB and A20 which | |||||||
| Biochemical markers (SOD + MDA levels), | MDA level decrease, SOD activity increase, reduce oxidative stress | |||||||
| Zhang, 2019 [28] | Netherlands | Chamomile | Rat | Not found | Not found | Neurological evaluation (neurological score, neurological deficits) | Improve neurological scores | |
| Histopathology (infarction size) | Decrease in both infarct volume | |||||||
| Biochemical markers(Protein levels of Nrf2/Keap1/HO1/ERK) | Increase the activity of HO1 and Nrf2 | |||||||