Table 2.
Associations of specific fatty acids with all-cause mortality among patients with CMD a.
| Tertiles of Percentage Energy from Specific Fatty Acids | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p Trend b | |
| SFA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 7.19 ± 0.05 | 10.77 ± 0.03 | 14.92 ± 0.08 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1180/287,779 | 1147/269,766 | 1179/287,119 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.81–1.06) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.83 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.99 (0.84–1.15) | 0.94 |
| MUFA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 8.58 ± 0.05 | 12.29 ± 0.02 | 16.65 ± 0.11 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1208/279,237 | 1099/260,626 | 1199/304,801 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.99 (0.88–1.13) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.93 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | 0.56 |
| PUFA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 4.49 ± 0.03 | 7.03 ± 0.02 | 10.67 ± 0.07 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1406/306,092 | 1106/269,233 | 984/269,339 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.84–1.08) | 0.90 (0.80–1.03) | 0.07 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.94 (0.82–1.06) | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.06 |
| ω-6 PUFA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 3.92 ± 0.03 | 6.26 ± 0.02 | 9.58 ± 0.07 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1413/302,958 | 1091/270,768 | 1002/270,938 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.07 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.03 |
| LA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 3.86 ± 0.03 | 6.17 ± 0.02 | 9.49 ± 0.07 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1409/303,023 | 1101/270,272 | 996/271,369 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.86 (0.75–1.00) | 0.05 |
| AA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0.02 ± 0.0004 | 0.06 ± 0.0003 | 0.13 ± 0.0001 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1250/287,909 | 1078/274,846 | 1178/281,909 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.80 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 0.51 |
| ω-3 PUFA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0.41 ± 0.003 | 0.65 ± 0.001 | 1.12 ± 0.012 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1430/321,955 | 1145/271,423 | 931/251,286 | |
| Model 1 c | 1(ref.) | 1.04(0.93–1.15) | 0.91(0.79–1.03) | 0.12 |
| Model 2 d | 1(ref.) | 1.04(0.93–1.17) | 0.90(0.89–1.04) | 0.15 |
| ALA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0.37 ± 0.003 | 0.59 ± 0.001 | 1.00 ± 0.010 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1422/320,237 | 1143/276,767 | 941/247,660 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.36 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) | 0.36 |
| Marine ω-3 PUFA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0.002 ± 0.0001 | 0.022 ± 0.0003 | 0.19 ± 0.008 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1638/342,543 | 829/227,727 | 1039/274,394 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.29 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.83 |
| DHA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0.0005 ± 0.00003 | 0.01 ± 0.0001 | 0.11 ± 0.004 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1549/326,118 | 872/233,996 | 1053/284,550 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.34 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.98 |
| EPA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0.00003 ± 0.000003 | 0.003 ± 0.00005 | 0.06 ± 0.003 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 1848/385,458 | 771/208,040 | 887/251,166 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.19 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) | 0.36 |
| DPA | ||||
| Mean, % of energy | 0 ± 0 | 0.004 ± 0.00007 | 0.03 ± 0.0010 | |
| No. of deaths/person years | 2024/418,989 | 714/195,684 | 768/229,991 | |
| Model 1 c | 1 (ref.) | 0.84 (0.72–0.96) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 d | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 0.03 |
a Values were presented as mean ± standard error for energy percentage from specific fatty acids. All estimates accounted for complex survey designs. b p trend was calculated by median values of each fatty acids. c Model 1 was adjusted for gender, age, race, educational levels, and PIR. d Model 2 was adjusted for gender, age, race, educational levels, PIR, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activity status, self-reported health status, baseline history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, total energy intake, energy intake derived from carbohydrate, protein intake (in tertiles), cholesterol levels (in tertiles), and energy intake derived from remaining fatty acids (SFA, MUFA, and PUFA) where appropriate.