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. 2022 Sep 2;11(17):2296. doi: 10.3390/plants11172296

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The pathogenesis mechanism of pain induced by nerve injury or chemical injection and the mechanism of action of the analgesic effect of Z. officinale, [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. Pain is caused by nerve injury or chemical injection (Red), and pain is attenuated when Z. officinale and its sub-components are administered (Blue). Mechanism was identified on the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and cultured cell (in vitro). Abbreviations:5-HTR (serotonin receptor), GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), Na_v1.8 (voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8), NMDAR2B (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B), pERK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase), TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1), and Z. officinale (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).