Table 1.
Summary on the effect of Z. officinale on pain.
| Authors | Strain | Pain | Z. officinale Roscoe | Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rats | ||||||
| Sepahvand et al., 2010 [33] |
Wistar Rat | Tail-Flick Test | 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg (i.p. 80% Ethanol Extract) | Control: | Heat Pain | - |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Z. officinale + Morphine (2.5 mg/kg): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Darvishzadeh-Mahani et al., 2012 [34] |
Wistar Rat | Tail-Flick Test | 50 and 100 mg/kg (p.o. 96% Ethanol Extract) |
Control: | Heat Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Mice | ||||||
| Y et al., 2002 [32] |
Swiss Mice | Acetic Acid 3% (i.p.) |
50 and 100 mg/kg (i.p., 100% Ethanol Extract) |
Control: | Spontaneous Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Aspirin (150 mg/kg, i.p.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Ojewole 2006 [19] |
Balb C Mice | Acetic Acid 3% (i.p.) and Hot Plate Test |
100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg (i.p. 96% Ethanol Extract) |
Control: | Spontaneous and Heat Pain |
↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.): Diclofenac (100 mg/kg, i.p.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Montserrat-de la Paz et al., 2018 [35] |
C57BL/6J Mice |
ICS-induced FMS models | 0.5 and 1% (p.o. Mixed with Standard Diet) |
Control: | Cold, Heat and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Z. officinale + Paracetamol: | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Fajrin et al., 2019 [36] |
Mice | CFA 40 μL (Intraplantar Injection) and PSNL |
100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg (p.o., Destilator with Aquadest) |
Control: | Heat Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Kravchenko et al., 2019 [37] |
White Mice | AITC 0.5% (Subplantar Injection) |
0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5% of Extract Ointment | Control: | Spontaneous Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Benzocaine (Ointment): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | - | |||||
| Fajrin et al., 2019 [43] |
Balb/c Mice | STZ 110 mg/kg (i.p.) |
100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o., 96% Ethanol Extract) |
Control: | Heat and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Gabapetin (100 mg/kg, p.o.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | Prevention of sciatic nerve damage | |||||
| Fajrin et al., 2020 [44] |
Balb/c Mice | STZ 110 mg/kg (i.p.) |
100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o., 96% Ethanol Extract) | Control: | Heat and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Gabapetin (100 mg/kg, p.o.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | ↓ TRPV1 and NMDAR2B mRNA expression (spinal cord) | |||||
| Borgonetti et al., 2020 [38] |
CD1 Mice |
SNI | 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o., Supercritical CO2 extraction) |
Control: | Mechanical and Heat Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Pregabalin (30 mg/kg, p.o.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | ↓ pERK1/2 activation (in BV2 cells and spinal cord) ↓ HDAC1 expression (in BV2 cells and spinal cord) |
|||||
| Lee et al., 2021 [31] |
C57BL/6 Mice |
Oxaliplatin 6 mg/kg (i.p.) |
100, 300 and 500 mg/kg (p.o., 100% Water Extract) |
Control: | Cold and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| Z. officinale: | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Actions: | Analgesic Effect Blocked by Mixed 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 antagonists’ injections (i.t.) ↑ mRNA expression level of 5-HT1A receptor |
|||||
Abbreviations: 5-HT (serotonin), AITC (allyl isothiocyanate), CFA (completed Freud’s Adjuvant), FMS (fibromyalgia syndrome), GR (ginger rhizome), HDAC (histone deacetylase), ICS (intermittent cold stress), i.p. (intraperitoneal), i.t. (intrathecal), NMDAR2B (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B), mRNA (messenger RNA), pERK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p.o. (per os), PSNL (partial sciatic nerve ligation), SNI (spared nerve injury), STZ (streptozotocin), TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1), and Z. officinale (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).