Table 2.
Summary on the effect of [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol on pain.
| Authors | Strain | Pain | Treatments | Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rats | ||||||
| Gauthier et al., 2012 [40] |
SD Rat |
CCI | [6]-Gingerol 10 μg (i.t.) |
Control: | Heat and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| [6]-Gingerol: | ↓ | |||||
| Cyclodextrin Formulation (20 μL, i.t.): | ↑ | |||||
| Mechanism of Action: | - | |||||
| Hitomi et al., 2017 [41] |
Wistar Rat | OUM | [6]-Shogaol 150 μM [6]-Gingerol 300 μM (Swab Application) |
Control: | Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| [6]-Shogaol + [6]-Gingerol: | - | |||||
| Mechanism of Action: | ↓ Evoked currents on Nav1.8. (CHO cell) ↓ SP release (CHO cells) |
|||||
| Mata-Bermudez et al., 2018 [42] |
Wistar Rat |
SNL | [6]-Gingerol 1, 3, 6 and 10 μg/rat (i.t.) |
Control: | Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| [6]-Gingerol: | ↓ | |||||
| Gabapentin (100 μg/rat, i.t.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Action: | Effect not blocked by nonselective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone, i.t.) Effect blocked by nonselective 5-HT, 5-HT1A, 1B, 1D, 5A receptor antagonists (methiothepin, WAY-100635, SB-224289, BRL-15572, SB-659551, i.t.) Effect blocked by nonselective NO synthase inhibitor, inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, channel blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (L-NAME, ODQ, glibenclamide, i.t.) |
|||||
| Mice | ||||||
| Young et al., 2005 [39] |
ICR Mice |
Acetic Acid 1% (i.p.) and 10% Formalin (s.c.) |
[6]-Gingerol 25 and 50 mg/kg (i.p.) |
Control: | Spontaneous Pain | ↑ |
| [6]-Gingerol: | ↓ | |||||
| Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Action: | - | |||||
| Fajrin et al., 2019 [43] |
Balb/c Mice | STZ 110 mg/kg (i.p.) |
[6]-Shogaol 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg (p.o.) |
Control: | Heat and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| [6]-Shogaol: | ↓ | |||||
| Gabapentin (100 mg/kg, p.o.): | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Action: | Prevention of sciatic nerve damage | |||||
| Fajrin et al., 2020 [44] |
Balb/c Mice | STZ 110 mg/kg (i.p.) |
[6]-Shogaol 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg (p.o.) |
Control | Heat and Mechanical Pain | ↑ |
| [6]-shogaol | ↓ | |||||
| Gabapentin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) |
↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Action | ↓ TRPV1 and NMDAR2B mRNA expression (spinal cord) | |||||
| Kim et al., 2022 [45] |
C57BL/6 Mice |
Oxaliplatin 6 mg/kg (i.p.) |
[6]-Shogaol 10 mg/kg (i.p.) |
Control: | Cold and Mechanical pain: | ↑ |
| [6]-shogaol: | ↓ | |||||
| Mechanism of Action: | Effect blocked by 5-HT1A, 3 receptor antagonists (NAN-190, MDL-72222, i.t.) Effect blocked by GABAB receptor antagonist (CGP 55845, i.t.) ↑ GABA and GAD65 concentration (spinal cord) |
|||||
Abbreviations: 5-HT (serotonin), ATP (adenosine triphosphate), GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), GAD65 (glutamate decarboxylase 65), i.p. (intraperitoneal), i.t. (intrathecal), L-NAME (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), NMDAR2B (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B), NO (nitric oxide), ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), OUM (oral ulcerative mucositis), p.o (per os), CCI (chronic constriction injury), SNL (spinal nerve ligation), SP (substance P), STZ (streptozotocin), TP (test pulse), and TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1).