Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by the dietary inflammatory index (DII) quartiles (Q).
| Variables | Total (n = 5840) | Q1 (n = 1462) | Q2 (n = 1465) | Q3 (n = 1461) | Q4 (n = 1452) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.78 ± 12.96 | 59.16 ± 12.98 | 59.44 ± 13.03 | 60.13 ± 12.92 | 60.4 ± 12.88 | 0.023 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 3001 (51.39%) | 948 (64.84%) | 794 (54.20%) | 680 (46.54%) | 579 (39.88%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3376 (57.81%) | 796 (54.45%) | 825 (56.31%) | 896 (61.33%) | 859 (59.16%) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1013 (17.35%) | 229 (15.66%) | 244 (16.66%) | 274 (18.75%) | 266 (18.32%) | 0.096 |
| MS, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Married/Living with partner | 3895 (66.70%) | 1067 (72.98%) | 1006 (68.67%) | 929 (63.59%) | 893 (61.50%) | |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1615 (27.65%) | 319 (21.82%) | 373 (25.46%) | 443 (30.32%) | 480 (33.06%) | |
| Never married | 330 (5.65%) | 76 (5.20%) | 86 (5.87%) | 89 (6.09%) | 79 (5.44%) | |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 1875 (32.11%) | 360 (24.62%) | 437 (29.83%) | 498 (34.09%) | 580 (39.94%) | |
| High school diploma or GED | 1376 (23.56%) | 316 (21.61%) | 343 (23.41%) | 344 (23.55%) | 373 (25.69%) | |
| More than high school | 2589 (44.33%) | 786 (53.76%) | 685 (46.76%) | 619 (42.37%) | 499 (34.37%) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than moderate | 2623 (44.91%) | 519 (35.50%) | 612 (41.77%) | 705 (48.25%) | 787 (54.20%) | |
| Moderate | 1839 (31.49%) | 484 (33.11%) | 497 (33.92%) | 439 (30.05%) | 419 (28.86%) | |
| Vigorous | 1378 (23.60%) | 459 (31.40%) | 356 (24.30%) | 317 (21.70%) | 246 (16.94%) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 1205 (20.63%) | 307 (21.00%) | 299 (20.41%) | 283 (19.37%) | 316 (21.76%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 3261 (55.84%) | 873 (59.71%) | 851 (58.09%) | 806 (55.17%) | 731 (50.34%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 980 (16.78%) | 180 (12.31%) | 200 (13.65%) | 285 (19.51%) | 315 (21.69%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 228 (3.90%) | 56 (3.83%) | 64 (4.37%) | 52 (3.56%) | 56 (3.86%) | |
| Other races | 166 (2.84%) | 46 (3.15%) | 51 (3.48%) | 35 (2.40%) | 34 (2.34%) | |
| Hypotensive drugs, n (%) | 1531 (26.22%) | 389 (26.61%) | 381 (26.01%) | 406 (27.79%0 | 355 (24.45%) | 0.225 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs, n (%) | 612 (10.48%) | 146 (9.99%) | 144 (9.83%) | 160 (10.95%) | 162 (11.16%) | 0.553 |
| CVD, n (%) | 876 (15.00%) | 198 (13.54%) | 208 (14.20%) | 210 (14.37%) | 260 (17.91%) | 0.004 |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 2707 (46.35%) | 706 (48.29%) | 689 (47.03%) | 672 (46.00%) | 640 (44.08%) | |
| Past smoker | 2012 (34.45%) | 570 (38.99%) | 498 (33.99%) | 495 (33.88%) | 449 (30.92%) | |
| Current smoker | 1121 (19.20%) | 186 (12.72%) | 278 (18.98%) | 294 (20.12%) | 363 (25.00%) | |
| PIR | 2.80 ± 1.61 | 3.14 ± 1.61 | 2.94 ± 1.61 | 2.68 ± 1.59 | 2.46 ± 1.56 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.43 ± 5.45 | 28.07 ± 5.23 | 28.37 ± 5.40 | 28.66 ± 5.53 | 28.61 ± 5.62 | 0.014 |
| ASBP, mmHg | 131.04 ± 20.66 | 129.13 ± 19.21 | 131.04 ± 20.61 | 132.04 ± 21.33 | 131.98 ± 21.33 | 0.002 |
| ADBP, mmHg | 72.91 ± 12.37 | 73.44 ± 11.68 | 72.75 ± 12.45 | 72.62 ± 13.08 | 72.83 ± 12.23 | 0.267 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209.35 ± 41.68 | 207.68 ± 39.01 | 207.16 ± 39.98 | 211.95 ± 44.13 | 210.62 ± 43.24 | 0.009 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 52.69 ± 16.23 | 52.52 ± 16.44 | 52.38 ± 15.72 | 52.83 ± 16.52 | 53.03 ± 16.26 | 0.690 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.47 ± 0.87 | 0.38 ± 0.69 | 0.46 ± 0.74 | 0.48 ± 1.03 | 0.58 ± 0.95 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.61 ± 20.02 | 84.96 ± 18.57 | 83.59 ± 19.80 | 83.00 ± 20.91 | 82.88 ± 20.68 | 0.131 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.77 ± 1.12 | 5.69 ± 1.04 | 5.77 ± 1.17 | 5.80 ± 1.14 | 5.80 ± 1.11 | <0.001 |
| PAD, n (%) | 435 (7.45%) | 70 (4.79%) | 102 (6.96%) | 113 (7.73%) | 150 (10.33%) | <0.001 |
Values are given as mean ± standard deviation or numbers and percentages. Q1: DII ≤ 0.19; Q2: 0.19–1.66; Q3: 1.66–2.78; Q4: DII > 2.78. ASBP, average systolic blood pressure; ADBP, average diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GED, general educational development; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MS, marital status; PIR, poverty income ratio; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.