Table 3.

Antiviral activities of propolis and its components.

Propolis Type and Its Components	Organism	Tested Model	Outcome of the Study	References
Mexican propolis	Canine distemper virus	In vitro African green monkey kidney cells	Propolis application decreased viral expression and correlated with increased cell viability.	[110]
Propolis extracts	HSV-1	In vitro RC-37 cells	IC50 values of aqueous and ethanol extracts were determined at 0.0004% and 0.000035%, respectively.	[111]
Propolis	HIV-1	In vitro	Propolis abolished syncytium formation at 4.5 micrograms/mL and decreased p24 antigen production by as much as 90–100%.	[112]
Propolis extracts	HSV-1 and HSV-2	In vitro	Standardized preparations of propolis exhibited antiviral bioactivity.	[26]
Brazilian propolis (kaempferol, KF and p-coumaric acid, and p-CA)	Human rhinoviruses (HRVs)	In vitro HeLa cells	They inhibited HRV-3 infection when added during the early stages following virus inoculation.	[113]
Propolis	HSV-1	In vitro Vero cells in vivo newborn rats	The addition of 10% propolis extract led to 80–85% protection.	[114]
Propolis extract GH-2002	Varicella zoster virus	In vitro LEP cells	IC50 value was determined to be 64 μg/mL.	[115]
Propolis extract ACF®	HSV-1 and HSV-2	In vitro MDBK cells	Showed pronounced virucidal effect and interfered with virus adsorption.	[116]