Table 5.

Antiviral activities of bee venom and its components.

Bee Venom or Extract	Organism	Tested Model	Outcome of the Study	References
Bee venom	Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), coxsackievirus (H3), herpes simplex virus (HSV), enterovirus-71 (EV-71), influenza A virus (PR8), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)	In vitro HEK293T, MDCK, HEp2, Vero cells, and HeLa	It is concluded that bee venom would be a promising antiviral agent, especially in the establishment of a broad-spectrum antiviral agent.	[136]
Bee venom	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)	In vivo pigs	Especially nasal or rectal application of bee venom may be used in the prevention of this infection in pigs.	[137]
Bee venom (phospholipase A2)	Dengue virus (DENV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)	In vitro Huh7it-1 cells, MDCK, HEK293T, and Vero cells and in vivo embryonated eggs	Phospholipase A2 and its derivatives could be potent candidates for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that exert their effects by targeting viral envelope lipid bilayers derived from the ER membrane.	[138]
Bee venom	Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)	In vitro Maiden-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), Hep-2, and MCF7 and in vivo embryonated chicken eggs	Bee venom could serve as a good treatment for LSDV after determination of suitable therapeutic doses.	[139]