Table 1.

Release profile of a biologically active substance from polymer matrixes.

No.	Biologically Active Substance/Polymer Matrix	Release Profile	Ref.
1	Lactococcus lactis/NaAlg-NaCMC Films	The BSA-FITC release from AL2 beads was slow, 3.46 ± 1.33% and 7.41 ± 0.85% of the total encapsulated BSAFITC. The r samples A2C1, A1C1, and A1C2 showed similar BSA-FITC release behavior, which may be explained by the carboxyl groups of the alginate being protonated at pH 1.2, and a low degree of swelling limited diffusion of BSAFITC. The release rate of BSA-FITC from AL2 beads was faster than from A2C1, A1C1, and A1C2 beads due to the higher degree of swelling at pH 7.4. The A1C2 beads provided the controlled release from A1C2 beads over longer periods of time in the intestines.	[50]
2	Furazolidone and Bismuth (III)/NaAlg–CMC hydrogel	In a neutral solution, SCFDZ releases almost all the entrapped drug in about 8 h, the SCFDZ-Bi formulation releases around 60% of the encapsulated FDZ in the same period and continues releasing the drug for more than 24 h. At pH 1.2, the effect of bismuth(III) ions on the release rate of FDZ was less significant.	[52]
3	Diclofenac/Alg-CMC films	Released over a period of 420 min for the MLD film and 600 min for the BLD film. The MLD film showed a burst release up to 60 min with 59%, differently for the BLD films, when only 26% was released over this same time. After 360 min of contact between the films and the liquid media, the release of diclofenac reached values of 0.147 ± 0.021 mg cm−2 for the MLD film and 0.166 ± 0.016 mg cm−2 for the BLD film. No statistically significant difference between these films was observed, and the amount of diclofenac released was higher than the recommended dosage.	[53]
4	diclofenac and lidocaine/NaAlg/CMC	The fast (burst) release (∼45%) within the first 30 min may be explained by the dissolution of “trapped” or unbound drug molecules within the polymer structure. The latter is followed by a slower and prolonged release (∼50%) for the next 6 h (360 min), which is related to the combination of swelling and partial erosion. The Alg-CMC has the most sustained release. The overall released mass of DCF and LID from three types of multi-layers are compared. The release properties of both drugs are suited for Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The release behavior is predicted to be non-Fickian based on the exponent “n” value, which is above 0.89 in all cases.	[54]
5	diclofenac sodium/NaAlg/AlCMC	There is a linear relationship for drug release over a 4–5 h period from the core beads where it showed a longer straight line relationship (7 h) for the coated beads. The coating of the Al-CMC beads, prepared using 60% w/v AlCl3 × 6H2O, with 2% w/v aqueous solution of NaAlg resulted in a significant sustaining action of the Al-CMC beads as indicated by the shift in Tmax from 1.7 ± 0.84 to 3 ± 0.71 h and the prolongation of the MRT from 7.86 ± 0.54 to 10.82 ± 1.33 h. The Cmax increased significantly from 5.43 ± 2.91 to 11.66 ± 6.18 μg/mL, while the AUC0 → 24 increased significantly from 39.82 ± 26.61 to 57.92 ± 25.58 μg h/mL, resulting in a relative bioavailability of 145.45% relative to Al-CMC beads.	[55]
6	Gatifloxacin/NaAlg/NaCMC	Comparison of the release profile of GS2 (containing only NaAlg) with those of GS3–GS5 indicate that burst effect was considerably reduced. NaCMC (incorporated at 0.1 to 0.5% w/v) affected the drug release significantly.	[56]
7	Turmeric Extract/NaAlg/CMC	Higher tmr contents clearly results in higher release rates. The n value increased with increasing of tmr content. The release pattern was not Fickian diffusion controlled. The dependence of the n-value on tmr concentration was found.	[57]
8	Albumin/Alg/CMC	The release profile of albumin from the beads were investigated under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH 1.2, 4.5, and 7.4). The Fe3+– crosslinked beads displayed different degrees of albumin release for the various volume ratios and under various pH conditions. The Fe3+–crosslinked AC beads protected and controlled the release of protein.	[58]
9	Methotrexate/NaAlg/NaCMC	Almost the total amount of MTX release (98.1 ± 2.64%) was completed in 5 h. Entrapment efficiency (EE%) and release behaviors of the metal complexes of MTX were compared to MTX. The mostly used drug release kinetic models, which are first order, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell, were applied to release data.	[60]
10	Metformin hydrochloride/NaAlg/NaCMC	The higher release profiles were pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2.	[61]
11	poly(vinyl alcohol)-grafted polyacrylamide (PVA-g-PAAm)/NaAlg/NaCMC	The release was studied in 250 mL of HCl (pH 1.2) and PBS (pH 6.8 and 7.4).The release of DP increased with the increase in drug/polymer ratio (d/p) and PVA-g-PAAm/NaAlg/NaCMC ratio, while it decreased with the increase in the extent of crosslinking. The optimum DP release was 92.9% for a PVA-g-PAAm/NaAlg/NaCMC with the ratio as 1/2/1, d/p ratio as 1/8, and FeCl3 concentration of 7% (w/v).	[62]