Table 3.

Associations of maternal GDQS and MDS during pregnancy with congenital heart defects.

	Total Congenital Heart Defects (Ncases = 474)			Ventricular Septal Defects (Ncases = 222)		Atrial Septal Defects (Ncases = 218)
	Ncases/Ncontrols	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1
GDQS
Quartile 1	218/218	1	1	1	1	1	1
Quartile 2	131/241	0.54 (0.41, 0.72)	0.59 (0.42, 0.82)	0.51 (0.35, 0.74)	0.51 (0.32, 0.79)	0.57 (0.39, 0.83)	0.51 (0.34, 0.79)
Quartile 3	75/237	0.32 (0.23, 0.44)	0.36 (0.24, 0.53)	0.35 (0.23, 0.52)	0.38 (0.23, 0.63)	0.39 (0.26, 0.59)	0.35 (0.21, 0.59)
Quartile 4	50/252	0.20 (0.14, 0.28)	0.26 (0.16, 0.42)	0.18 (0.11, 0.29)	0.23 (0.12, 0.44)	0.21 (0.13, 0.34)	0.21 (0.11, 0.41)
p for trend	474/948	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Per 1 higher score	474/948	0.87 (0.85, 0.89)	0.88 (0.85, 0.91)	0.87 (0.84, 0.90)	0.88 (0.84, 0.92)	0.88 (0.85, 0.91)	0.87 (0.84, 0.91)
MDS
Quartile 1	142/164	1	1	1	1	1	1
Quartile 2	159/271	0.67 (0.50, 0.91)	0.76 (0.54, 1.08)	0.68 (0.46, 1.01)	0.87 (0.55, 1.38)	0.80 (0.53, 1.19)	0.83 (0.53, 1.31)
Quartile 3	75/162	0.53 (0.37, 0.76)	0.70 (0.46, 1.08)	0.62 (0.39, 0.98)	0.81 (0.52, 1.26)	0.69 (0.43, 1.11)	0.80 (0.47, 1.36)
Quartile 4	98/351	0.32 (0.23, 0.44)	0.53 (0.34, 0.83)	0.34 (0.22, 0.52)	0.57 (0.34, 0.96)	0.44 (0.28, 0.67)	0.61 (0.38, 0.97)
p for trend	474/948	<0.001	0.007	<0.001	0.010	<0.001	0.016
Per 1 higher score	474/948	0.79 (0.75, 0.84)	0.88 (0.80, 0.95)	0.80 (0.74, 0.87)	0.89 (0.81, 0.98)	0.85 (0.78, 0.91)	0.90 (0.83, 0.98)

GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; MDS, Mediterranean Diet Score. ¹ Adjusted for total energy intake during pregnancy sociodemographic characteristics (maternal age, work, education, residence, and parity), and maternal health-related factors in early pregnancy (passive smoking, anemia, medication use, and folate/iron supplements use).