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. 2022 Aug 30;14(17):3581. doi: 10.3390/nu14173581

Table 3.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between mycotoxin exposures (μg/body weight/day) and renal cell carcinoma risk using a fully adjusted model * for the continuous exposure and tertiles (n = 450,112; cases = 911 and non-cases = 449,201). The HRs for the continuous variables have been computed on the log2 scale: risk for a doubling of the exposure. Tests for trend were computed using the tertile score (1–3 as a continuous variable) specific to each mycotoxin.

Middle-Bound Scenario (MB)
Mycotoxins (µg/kg bw/day) Cases N = 911 Hazard Ratio 95% Confidence Interval ProbChiSq
(P)		 TrendTest Mycotoxins (µg/kg bw/day) Cases N = 911 Hazard Ratio 95% Confidence Interval ProbChiSq (P) TrendTest
15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol 911 0.94 0.81–1.10 0.4309 3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol 911 0.94 0.81–1.09 0.4031
T1 334 1 Ref. T1 326 1 Ref.
T2 308 1.05 0.86–1.29 0.6254 0.6169 T2 314 1.06 0.86–1.29 0.6000 0.5004
T3 269 1.06 0.84–1.35 0.6147 T3 271 1.09 0.85–1.38 0.4974
Aflatoxin B1 911 0.96 0.82–1.14 0.6590 Aflatoxin B2 911 0.97 0.83–1.12 0.6484
T1 404 1 Ref. . T1 391 1 Ref.
T2 278 0.88 0.72–1.07 0.1949 0.1473 T2 298 0.97 0.80–1.17 0.7336 0.1735
T3 229 0.84 0.65–1.07 0.1615 T3 222 0.84 0.65–1.07 0.1579
Aflatoxin G1 911 0.97 0.83–1.13 0.6962 Aflatoxin G2 911 0.95 0.82–1.11 0.5270
T1 395 1 Ref. T1 394 1 Ref.
T2 295 0.96 0.79–1.16 0.6727 0.1979 T2 301 0.96 0.79–1.16 0.6841 0.1370
T3 221 0.85 0.66–1.08 0.1849 T3 216 0.82 0.64–1.05 0.1207
Aflatoxin M1 911 0.98 0.93–1.03 0.4426 Aflatoxin (sum of B1. B2. G1. G2) 911 1.08 0.94–1.24 0.2913
T1 351 1 Ref. T1 378 1 Ref.
T2 311 1.02 0.84–1.23 0.8588 0.5349 T2 284 1.01 0.83–1.23 0.9086 0.2293
T3 249 0.93 0.74–1.16 0.5034 T3 249 1.16 0.91–1.48 0.2176
Altenuene 911 1.06 0.92–1.22 0.4326 Alternaria alternata F. sp. lycopersici toxins 911 0.98 0.88–1.08 0.6385
T1 320 1 Ref. T1 320 1 Ref.
T2 318 1.06 0.87–1.31 0.5514 0.7268 T2 318 1.01 0.82–1.23 0.9440 0.8915
T3 273 0.96 0.75–1.24 0.7591 T3 273 0.98 0.77–1.25 0.8919
Altertoxin I 911 1.00 0.90–1.13 0.9427 Alternariol monomethyl ether 911 1.01 0.94–1.09 0.8195
T1 314 1 Ref. T1 306 1 Ref.
T2 305 1.01 0.82–1.24 0.9257 0.6751 T2 309 1.12 0.91–1.37 0.2909 0.4432
T3 292 0.95 0.76–1.21 0.6984 T3 296 1.10 0.86–1.42 0.4417
Alternariol 911 1.03 0.91–1.17 0.6629 Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside 911 1.01 0.97–1.05 0.6683
T1 312 1 Ref. T1 344 1 Ref.
T2 311 1.00 0.81–1.24 0.9919 0.9257 T2 298 1.06 0.89–1.28 0.5060 0.5181
T3 288 1.01 0.78–1.32 0.9269 T3 269 1.07 0.85–1.34 0.5836
Deoxynivalenol 911 0.97 0.84–1.14 0.7357 Enniatin A1 911 1.04 0.97–1.10 0.2474
T1 360 1 Ref. T1 316 1 Ref.
T2 307 0.93 0.76–1.14 0.4626 0.5667 T2 294 0.96 0.77–1.20 0.7215 0.6437
T3 244 0.93 0.71–1.21 0.5820 T3 301 0.93 0.70–1.25 0.6437
Enniatin A 911 1.00 0.96–1.04 0.9364 Enniatin B1 911 1.03 0.98–1.10 0.2441
T1 307 1 Ref. T1 318 1 Ref.
T2 325 1.02 0.84–1.23 0.8748 0.1160 T2 293 1.00 0.80–1.25 0.9799 0.9896
T3 279 0.82 0.64–1.04 0.0947 T3 300 1.00 0.75–1.34 0.9905
Enniatin B 911 1.02 0.97–1.07 0.4636 Ergocorninine 911 1.03 0.96–1.11 0.4088
T1 322 1 Ref. T1 307 1 Ref.
T2 284 0.98 0.78–1.23 0.8910 0.8307 T2 285 0.87 0.69–1.09 0.2194 0.8448
T3 305 0.97 0.72–1.30 0.8309 T3 319 1.00 0.77–1.31 0.9880
Ergocornine 911 1.03 0.95–1.11 0.4684 Ergocristinine 911 1.03 0.96–1.11 0.4098
T1 305 1 Ref. T1 305 1 Ref.
T2 283 0.88 0.70–1.11 0.2828 0.4757 T2 278 0.85 0.68–1.06 0.1560 0.3873
T3 323 1.08 0.82–1.41 0.5947 T3 328 1.09 0.84–1.42 0.5301
Ergocristine 911 1.04 0.97–1.11 0.2354 alpha-Ergocryptinine 911 1.01 0.94–1.08 0.7996
T1 297 1 Ref. T1 293 1 Ref.
T2 307 1.08 0.85–1.38 0.5228 0.1475 T2 289 0.94 0.75–1.18 0.6148 0.2091
T3 307 1.22 0.92–1.62 0.1675 T3 329 1.16 0.89–1.52 0.2680
alpha-Ergocryptine 911 1.01 0.94–1.08 0.8209 beta-Ergocryptine 911 0.99 0.97–1.02 0.6153
T1 304 1 Ref. T1 287 1 Ref.
T2 279 0.87 0.70–1.09 0.2316 0.6508 T2 279 1.04 0.78–1.38 0.8019 0.0298
T3 328 1.06 0.81–1.40 0.6611 T3 345 1.34 0.98–1.82 0.0657
Ergocryptine (alpha + beta epimers) 911 0.98 0.96–1.01 0.1971 Ergometrinine 911 1.01 0.94–1.07 0.8427
T1 272 1 Ref. T1 300 1 Ref.
T2 282 1.01 0.78–1.31 0.9214 0.6220 T2 293 0.92 0.74–1.15 0.4681 0.3190
T3 357 1.07 0.79–1.46 0.6531 T3 318 1.14 0.87–1.48 0.3370
Ergometrine 911 1.03 0.97–1.10 0.3151 Ergosine 911 1.02 0.95–1.10 0.5265
T1 295 1 Ref. T1 305 1 Ref.
T2 302 0.99 0.79–1.24 0.9372 0.5369 T2 296 0.96 0.77–1.20 0.7302 0.8886
T3 314 1.08 0.83–1.40 0.5762 T3 310 1.02 0.77–1.35 0.8739
Ergosinine 911 1.01 0.95–1.06 0.8357 Ergotaminine 911 1.01 0.94–1.08 0.7761
T1 286 1 Ref. T1 301 1 Ref.
T2 297 1.00 0.80–1.25 0.9787 0.1321 T2 277 0.89 0.71–1.12 0.3207 0.5503
T3 328 1.21 0.93–1.58 0.1616 T3 333 1.07 0.82–1.41 0.6168
Ergotamine 911 1.02 0.96–1.08 0.4818 Fumonisin B1 911 0.98 0.86–1.12 0.7649
T1 297 1 Ref. T1 397 1 Ref.
T2 292 0.88 0.70–1.12 0.3072 0.9440 T2 298 0.88 0.72–1.08 0.2155 0.1050
T3 322 1.02 0.76–1.37 0.9034 T3 216 0.81 0.63–1.05 0.1083
Fumonisin B2 911 0.90 0.76–1.07 0.2239 Fumonisin B3 911 0.99 0.93–1.07 0.8851
T1 393 1 Ref. T1 356 1 Ref.
T2 290 0.81 0.67–0.99 0.0443 0.0577 T2 303 1.05 0.86–1.27 0.6473 0.2159
T3 228 0.78 0.60–1.02 0.0647 T3 252 1.15 0.92–1.44 0.2098
Fumonisins 911 0.95 0.87–1.03 0.2415 HT-2 toxin 911 0.94 0.85–1.03 0.1996
T1 361 1 Ref. T1 339 1 Ref.
T2 287 0.95 0.78–1.15 0.5829 0.3191 T2 301 0.95 0.78–1.15 0.6069 0.8375
T3 263 0.89 0.71–1.12 0.3189 T3 271 0.98 0.79–1.21 0.8392
Ochratoxin A 911 1.05 0.91–1.21 0.5121 Sum T-2 and HT-2 911 0.94 0.82–1.07 0.3462
T1 335 1 Ref. T1 357 1 Ref.
T2 316 1.12 0.92–1.37 0.2532 0.3719 T2 281 0.89 0.73–1.09 0.2760 0.3180
T3 260 1.12 0.88–1.42 0.3617 T3 273 0.89 0.70–1.12 0.3074
Tentoxin 911 1.04 0.92–1.17 0.5588 Tenuazonic acid 911 0.98 0.85–1.12 0.7559
T1 304 1 Ref. T1 320 1 Ref.
T2 308 1.03 0.84–1.26 0.7930 0.6612 T2 302 0.94 0.77–1.14 0.5244 0.3046
T3 299 0.95 0.75–1.21 0.7000 T3 289 0.89 0.70–1.12 0.3039
T-2 toxin 911 0.93 0.84–1.04 0.2288 Zearalanone 911 0.99 0.96–1.02 0.5669
T1 351 1 Ref. T1 289 1 Ref.
T2 287 0.89 0.73–1.09 0.2771 0.9064 T2 331 1.04 0.85–1.27 0.7089 0.6126
T3 273 0.98 0.78–1.24 0.8935 T3 291 0.95 0.77–1.18 0.6585
alpha-Zearalenol 911 1.02 0.96–1.08 0.4780 beta-Zearalenol 911 1.02 0.96–1.09 0.5133
T1 356 1 Ref. T1 362 1 Ref.
T2 274 0.96 0.80–1.15 0.6592 0.5857 T2 281 0.96 0.80–1.16 0.6861 0.8140
T3 281 1.09 0.87–1.37 0.4523 T3 268 0.98 0.78–1.23 0.8751
Zearalenol 911 0.96 0.89–1.03 0.2565 Zearalenone 911 0.98 0.86–1.11 0.7149
T1 338 1 Ref. T1 408 1 Ref.
T2 317 0.90 0.74–1.10 0.3135 0.2477 T2 257 0.92 0.75–1.12 0.3968 0.6439
T3 256 0.88 0.70–1.09 0.2428 T3 246 0.95 0.74–1.22 0.6863
Ergot alkaloids 911 1.04 0.97–1.11 0.2728 Ochratoxins 911 1.05 0.91–1.22 0.4987
T1 298 1 Ref. T1 336 1 Ref.
T2 283 0.87 0.68–1.10 0.2413 0.4738 T2 309 1.11 0.91–1.35 0.3177 0.3153
T3 330 1.08 0.82–1.42 0.6033 T3 266 1.13 0.89–1.43 0.3092
Aflatoxins 911 1.00 0.84–1.19 0.9790 Patulin 911 0.99 0.92–1.06 0.7407
T1 383 1 Ref. T1 354 1 Ref.
T2 287 0.96 0.78–1.16 0.6485 0.7878 T2 288 0.94 0.78–1.13 0.5041 0.9347
T3 241 0.97 0.75–1.24 0.8041 T3 269 1.00 0.81–1.22 0.9628
Deoxynivalenol and derivatives 911 0.96 0.81–1.14 0.6726 T-2/HT-2 toxins 911 0.94 0.85–1.04 0.2117
T1 364 1 Ref. T1 350 1 Ref.
T2 308 0.99 0.80–1.21 0.8913 0.4282 T2 297 0.92 0.75–1.11 0.3720 0.4750
T3 239 0.89 0.68–1.17 0.4169 T3 264 0.92 0.74–1.15 0.4750
Nivalenol 911 0.96 0.86–1.08 0.5140 Fumonisins 911 0.95 0.82–1.11 0.5282
T1 335 1 Ref. T1 382 1 Ref.
T2 304 0.97 0.79–1.19 0.7938 0.5432 T2 305 1.02 0.84–1.24 0.8419 0.4525
T3 272 0.92 0.72–1.19 0.5425 T3 224 0.91 0.71–1.16 0.4338
Diacetoxyscirpenol 911 0.96 0.82–1.12 0.5779 Zearalenone and derivatives 911 0.94 0.82–1.09 0.4176
T1 373 1 Ref. T1 403 1 Ref.
T2 304 0.91 0.75–1.11 0.3767 0.3009 T2 271 0.96 0.79–1.17 0.7036 0.2206
T3 234 0.88 0.68–1.13 0.3123 T3 237 0.85 0.66–1.09 0.2071
Fusarium toxins 911 0.93 0.77–1.13 0.4961 Fusarenon X 911 1.04 0.94–1.14 0.4467
T1 382 1 Ref. T1 322 1 Ref.
T2 291 0.94 0.77–1.15 0.5631 0.5219 T2 318 1.08 0.88–1.32 0.4499 0.6512
T3 238 0.92 0.71–1.20 0.5288 T3 271 1.06 0.82–1.36 0.6659
Sterigmatocystins 911 0.98 0.94–1.02 0.3215 Moniliformine 911 1.00 0.95–1.02 0.7841
T1 386 1 Ref. T1 332 1 Ref.
T2 297 0.94 0.79–1.12 0.4939 0.0907 T2 302 0.96 0.80–1.17 0.7097 0.8612
T3 228 0.82 0.66–1.03 0.0829 T3 277 1.02 0.83–1.26 0.8238
Alternaria toxins 911 1.05 0.89–1.25 0.5417 Citrinin 911 1.00 0.96–1.03 0.8126
T1 310 1 Ref. T1 327 1 Ref.
T2 313 1.12 0.90–1.38 0.3119 0.7951 T2 316 1.06 0.87–1.28 0.5694 0.9187
T3 288 1.04 0.80–1.37 0.7497 T3 268 0.99 0.80–1.21 0.8992
Enniatins 911 1.02 0.97–1.08 0.4021 All Mycotoxins 911 0.99 0.81–1.22 0.9424
T1 307 1 Ref. T1 370 1 Ref.
T2 305 0.92 0.74–1.13 0.4071 0.3679 T2 290 0.85 0.69–1.05 0.1375 0.1313
T3 299 0.88 0.67–1.16 0.3813 T3 251 0.81 0.62–1.07 0.1366

(*) Fully adjusted model: stratified by sex, study center, and age at recruitment, and adjusted for BMI, energy intake, alcohol at recruitment, sex, education, physical activity index, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking status. Abbreviations: body weight (bw), 95% confidence interval (CI), first tertile is the reference tertile (T1, Ref.), hazard ratio (HR), middle bound (MB), second tertile (T2), third tertile (T3). For test of linear trends across tertiles, participants were assigned the score (1 to 3) of each category, and the corresponding variable was modeled as a continuous term. All p-values between the tertiles, known as TrendTest, and all p-values comparing each tertile with the reference, known as ProbChiSq, were below 0.05. Therefore, no statistically significant associations were found between any studied mycotoxin or group and risk of RCC development. Moreover, the multi-adjusted Cox hazard models did not result in significant associations between the individual mycotoxin exposures and RCC risk.