Maternal metformin treatment restores gut integrity in response to maternal high-fat diet in dams and offspring: (A) colonic mRNA expression of tight junction proteins including the tight junction protein 1 (Tjp1), occlucin (Ocln), claudin 4 (Cldn4) and mucin 2 (Muc2) in dams at weaning; (B,C) mRNA expression of tight junction proteins in colon of male and female offspring at weaning; (D,E) mRNA expression of tight junction proteins in colon of male and female offspring at 16 weeks old. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. CH-CT, n = 6–8; HF-CT, n = 5–7; HF-MT, n = 4–7. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests. Groups with different superscript letters differ from each other at p < 0.05 level.