Table 5.
Factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity in India, NFHS, 2015–2016.
| Characteristics | Unadjusted Risk Ratio (URR)— 95% CI |
Adjusted Risk Ratio (ARR)— 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Sex of child | ||
| Male | 1.08 *** (1.02–1.14) | 1.079 ** (1.02–1.14) |
| Female † | 1 | 1 |
| Child age in months | ||
| 0–11 | 3.38 *** (3.12–3.70) | 3.77 *** (3.41–4.16) |
| 12–23 | 1.36 *** (1.24–1.50) | 1.47 *** (1.33–1.64) |
| 24–35 | 0.88 ** (0.80–0.98) | 0.89 ** (0.80–0.99) |
| 36–47 | 0.91 * (0.82–1.01) | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) |
| 48–59† | 1 | 1 |
| Birth weight | ||
| Low (<2.5 kg) † | 1 | |
| Normal (≥2.5 kg) | 1.30 *** (1.18–1.43) | |
| Currently breastfeeding | ||
| No † | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.28 *** (1.21–1.36) | 0.85 *** (0.79–0.92) |
| Birth rank | ||
| 1 | 1.42 *** (1.30–1.56) | 1.24 *** (1.12–1.38) |
| 2 | 1.28 *** (1.16–1.41) | 1.12 ** (1.01–1.25) |
| 3 | 1.21 *** (1.09–1.34) | 1.16 *** (1.04–1.30) |
| 4+ † | 1 | 1 |
| Mother’s level of education | ||
| Illiterate † | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 1.09 * (0.99–1.20) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) |
| Secondary | 1.29 *** (1.20–1.38) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) |
| Higher | 1.92 *** (1.75–2.11) | 1.11 * (0.98–1.26) |
| Number of children | ||
| ≥4 † | 1 | |
| <4 | 1.44 *** (1.33–1.55) | |
| Age at marriage | ||
| <18 years † | 1 | 1 |
| ≥18 years | 1.52 *** (1.43–1.62) | 1.15 *** (1.08–1.24) |
| Mother’s BMI | ||
| Thin† | 1 | 1 |
| Normal | 1.90 *** (1.75–2.07) | 1.70 *** (1.56–1.86) |
| Overweight/obese | 2.19 *** (1.98–2.42) | 1.81 *** (1.62–2.02) |
| Media exposure | ||
| Low † | 1 | |
| Medium | 1.30 *** (1.22–1.38) | |
| High | 1.46 *** (1.33–1.61) | |
| Place of residence | ||
| Rural † | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | 1.24 *** (1.17–1.321) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) |
| Region | ||
| North † | 1 | 1 |
| Central | 0.61 *** (0.56–0.66) | 0.67 *** (0.614–0.737) |
| East | 0.60 *** (0.55–0.66) | 0.69 *** (0.616–0.762) |
| Northeast | 1.18 *** (1.09–1.29) | 1.07 (0.956–1.202) |
| West | 0.75 *** (0.65–0.84) | 0.75 *** (0.649–0.857) |
| South | 1.10 ** (1.00–1.22) | 1.07 (0.956–1.194) |
| Social group | ||
| SC † | 1 | 1 |
| ST | 1.66 *** (1.48–1.77) | 1.46 *** (1.31–1.62) |
| OBC | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) |
| Other | 1.32 *** (1.20–1.45) | 1.15 *** (1.04–1.27) |
| Religious belief | ||
| Hindu † | 1 | 1 |
| Muslim | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.87 *** (0.79–0.96) |
| Other | 1.56 *** (1.45–1.68) | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) |
| Wealth quintile | ||
| Poorest † | 1 | 1 |
| Poorer | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 0.84 *** (0.76–0.93) |
| Middle | 1.29 *** (1.18–1.40) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) |
| Richer | 1.38 *** (1.27–1.51) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) |
| Richest | 1.72 *** (1.58–1.88) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) |
| Dietary diversity score | ||
| <3 food items † | 1 | 1 |
| 4–6 food items | 1.14 *** (1.07–1.22) | 1.00 (0.94–1.08) |
| 7–9 food items | 1.47 *** (1.36–1.58) | 1.22 *** (1.12–1.34) |
| Constant | 0.01 ***(0.00952–0.0135) | |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.05 | |
| Log-likelihood | −20281.044 | |
| Probability χ2 | <0.001 | |
| Mean VIF for ARR model | 1.74 |
*** if p < 0.01, ** if p < 0.05, * if p < 0.1. CI= confidence interval, † = reference category, VIF = variance inflation factor.