Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Prevalence Subsample | Total Sample | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Moderate (n = 13) | Severe (n = 91) | All (n = 105) | Moderate (n = 31) | Severe (n = 166) | All (n = 205) |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 86 ± 9 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 11 | 84 ± 12 | 84 ± 10 | 84 ± 10 |
| Female sex | 3 (23) | 24 (27) | 27 (26) | 15 (48) | 73 (45) | 95 (47) |
| Education | ||||||
| High school or less | 5 (38) | 41 (45) | 47 (45) | 10 (32) | 73 (44) | 84 (41) |
| Postsecondary education | 3 (23) | 22 (24) | 25 (24) | 8 (26) | 42 (25) | 55 (27) |
| Missing | 5 (38) | 28 (31) | 33 (31) | 13 (42) | 51 (31) | 66 (32) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 8 (62) | 58 (64) | 66 (63) | 21 (68) | 113 (68) | 141 (69) |
| Black or African American | 5 (38) | 31 (34) | 37 (35) | 10 (32) | 51 (31) | 62 (30) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) |
| Non-Hispanic | 13 (100) | 87 (96) | 101 (96) | 31 (100) | 160 (96) | 199 (97) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) |
| Painful conditions | ||||||
| Arthritis | 8 (62) | 45 (54) | 53 (55) | 17 (55) | 71 (45) | 92 (47) |
| Upper GI paina | 5 (38) | 34 (41) | 39 (40) | 9 (29) | 64 (41) | 74 (38) |
| Miscellaneous painb | 7 (54) | 33 (40) | 41 (42) | 13 (42) | 60 (38) | 76 (39) |
| Constipation | 5 (38) | 32 (39) | 37 (38) | 13 (42) | 50 (32) | 64 (32) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5 (38) | 17 (20) | 22 (23) | 10 (32) | 32 (20) | 42 (21) |
| Pressure ulcer or painful skin condition | 3 (23) | 30 (36) | 33 (34) | 5 (16) | 43 (27) | 48 (24) |
| Fracture, contracture, or osteomyelitis | 3 (23) | 27 (33) | 30 (31) | 4 (13) | 38 (24) | 42 (21) |
| Neuropathic painc | 3 (23) | 12 (14) | 15 (15) | 4 (13) | 14 (9) | 19 (10) |
| Cancer | 2 (15) | 15 (18) | 17 (18) | 3 (10) | 18 (11) | 21 (11) |
| Lower GI paind | 3 (23) | 15 (18) | 19 (20) | 5 (16) | 18 (11) | 24 (12) |
| Gout | 2 (15) | 4 (5) | 6 (6) | 2 (6) | 5 (3) | 8 (4) |
| Headache | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 4 (2) |
| Total painful conditions, mean ± SD | 3.7 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 2.5 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.0 |
| Cornell Scale of Depression in Dementia, mean ± SDe | 4.5 ± 4.6 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 4.5 ± 3.9 | 3.9 ± 3.6 | 4.3 ± 4.2 | 4.3 ± 4.1 |
| Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, mean ± SDf | 41 ± 16 | 44 ± 15 | 43 ± 15 | 39 ± 12 | 44 ± 14 | 43 ± 14 |
| Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version Sleep subscale, mean ± SDg | 0.7 ± 2.3 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 1.5 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.9 |
Note. Data are given as number (percentage) of each group, unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviation: GI, gastrointestinal.
a
Peptic ulcer disease or gastroesophageal reflux.
b
Muscle spasms or diagnosis of chronic or generalized pain not otherwise accounted for.
c
Diabetic neuropathy, sciatica, phantom limb pain, post–herpetic neuralgia, or spinal cord compression.
d
Irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, or Crohn disease.
e
Possible range is 0 to 38.
f
Possible range is 29 to 203.
g
Possible range is 0 to 12.