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. 2022 Sep 8;19:72. doi: 10.1186/s12987-022-00369-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Increase in BBB permeability post LIFU is transient and affects accumulation of drugs/tracers within the brain in a size dependent manner. A–C Time of drug/ tracer administration post LIFU significantly affects brain accumulation of tracers for AIB, TxRed and Cs Blue respectively. Peak BBB permeability is observed when tracer is administered before sonication or 6-h post-sonication. D Significantly higher brain accumulation is observed when tracer is administered on-board or pre-sonication vs when it is administered immediately post sonication. Increase in BBB permeability is influenced by size of administered tracer. (p < 0.01)