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. 2022 Sep 9;8:89. doi: 10.1038/s41421-022-00453-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Whole blood samples from cohort (n = 7 healthy controls (HC); n = 15 moderate COVID-19 patients; n = 16 severe COVID-19 patients) were stimulated ex vivo with or without R848 for 4 h and then stained with 38 metal-conjugated antibodies for mass cytometry (CyTOF) analysis. a Pipeline for processing, treatment, and analysis of blood samples from the cohort. Image generated with BioRender. b Heatmap of the frequencies of peripheral blood myeloid populations expressing indicated markers with and without R848 stimulation. c Violin plots of the frequencies of myeloid populations expressing indicated markers from HC (n = 7) and cells from patients with severe COVID-19 (n = 7) without R848 treatment. d, e Violin plots of frequencies of myeloid populations stimulated ex vivo with R848 expressing indicated cytokines and chemokines (d) as well as surface markers (e) from HCs (n = 7) and COVID-19 patients with moderate (n = 15) or severe (n = 16) diseases. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.