Figure 4.

Granular hydrogel flow properties. a) Rheological characterization of adhesive granular hydrogels and controls showing strain sweeps from 1-500% strain at 1 Hz (left), quantified yield strain (G’ < 0.9G’_initial) (center), and a rapid reduction and recovery of G′ with low (unshaded, 1% strain, 1 Hz) and high (green, 500% strain, 1 Hz) strain cycles (right). b) Macroscopic images of granular hydrogels extruded from an 18G needle and fluorescent microscopy images of extruded filaments, showing adhesive (left) and control (center) granular hydrogels, and extrusion force measurements through an 18G needle at a flow rate of 3 μL/s (right). Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation, with a sample size of n ≥ 4. Statistical analysis performed using a one-way ANOVA. *p<0.05.