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. 2022 Sep 9;5:938. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03887-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot derived from metabolites abundance. b The volcano plots displayed the statistical significance (P value) versus the magnitude of change (Log2 fold change). Features with Wilcoxon test p value <0.05 and absolute Log2 fold change (Log2FC) >1 were deemed to be significantly different. c Shown here are gut metabolites that were significantly altered during IIR and were not returned to normal levels at IIR6h, i.e., significantly different between IIR6h compared to Sham. Between-group comparisons were performed using the Wilcox test, n = 10 biologically independent animals in Sham group and n = 15 in IIR0h group, n = 10 in IIR6h group; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; NS not significant. d Immunohistochemical level of several molecular markers for the intestinal neuroendocrine system significantly changed during IIR: nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), C-Kit, synaptophysin (SYP), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and substance P (SP). Between-group comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon test, n = 3 biologically independent animals; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; NS not significant. The box represents the median, 25th, and 75th percentiles and the error bars indicate the 5th and 95th percentiles.