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. 2022 Sep 9;12:15242. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19552-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

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(a) Degradation MB by using S4 as a catalyst and ultrasonic bath with 250 W in power (red curve) and ZrO₂ balls as vibration source (black curve), (b) removal percentages of different dye concentrations, and related spectrum (c), (d) degradation efficiency of 5 ppm and 10 ppm of MB in presence of sample S4 by using 5 ZrO₂ balls. (e) Degradation percentages of MB degradation over time at 20 °C (brown curve), 40 °C (blue curve), and 70 °C (black curve).