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Layers of grammatical development (adapted from Heine and Kuteva 2007; see also Heine and Kuteva 2012). AGR stands for agreement marker, ASP for (verbal) aspect, CAS for case marker, CPL for complementizer, DEF for marker of definiteness (definite article), NEG for negation marker, PAS for passive marker, REL for relative clause marker, SBR for subordinating marker of adverbial clauses, TNS for tense marker. The dotted arrow indicates an indirect relation
