Fig. 2.

The CPSP rats with cognitive impairment showed abnormal gut microbiota composition. A Schematic illustration of the experimental design. B Simpson index. C Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). D The relative abundance of bacteria at the genus level. All genera with an average relative abundance below 1% were grouped to “others.” E–F Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) analysis: E cladogram and F linear discriminant analysis (LDA); red indicates clades enriched in the sham group, blue indicates clades enriched in the uns group (cognitively normal pain rats), whereas green indicates clades enriched in the su group (cognitively compromised pain rats). G Common species in the sham and uns group at the genus level. H SCFA concentrations in serum