Table 1.
Characteristics of population and relationship with the main outcome
| Overall population (n = 337) | Survived (n = 296) | Deceased (n = 41) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male Sex, n (%) | 272 (80.7) | 237 (80.1) | 35 (85.4) | 0.53 |
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 12.2 | 63 ± 12 | 69 ± 11 | 0.003 |
| Age ≥ 65 years, n (%) | 156 (46.3) | 131 (44.3) | 25 (61.0) | 0.044 |
| NYHA class [n (%)] | ||||
| I | 38 (11.3%) | 37 (12.5%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0.012 |
| II | 190 (56.4%) | 171 (57.8%) | 19 (46.3%) | |
| III | 107 (31.8%) | 87 (29.4%) | 20 (48.8%) | |
| IV | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (2.4%) | |
| HF etiology [n (%)] | ||||
| Idiopathic | 142 (42.1%) | 131 (44.3%) | 11 (26.8%) | 0.040 |
| Ischemic | 180 (53.4%) | 154 (52.0%) | 26 (63.4%) | |
| Valvular | 15 (4.5%) | 11 (3.7%) | 4 (9.8%) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.16 ± 0.63 | 1.11 ± 0.57 | 1.5 ± 0.89 | < .001 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI) (ml/min/1.72 m2) | 72.9 ± 25.4 | 74.9 ± 24.3 | 58.8 ± 28.7 | < .001 |
| CKD-EPI stage [n (%)] | ||||
| I–II | 224 (66.5%) | 207 (69.9%) | 17 (41.5%) | < .001 |
| III | 98 (29.1%) | 80 (27.0%) | 18 (43.9%) | |
| IV–V | 15 (4.5%) | 9 (3.0%) | 6 (14.6%) | |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 122.1 ± 205.2 | 108.6 ± 187.2 | 219.3 ± 290.2 | 0.001 |
| BNP (pg/ml) (mean or median ?—IR) | 43–1490 | 39–1490 | 131 1240 | 0.001 |
| Ln (BNP) (pg/ml) | 3.82 ± 1.39 | 3.73 ± 1.36 | 4.52 ± 1.47 | 0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 32.6 ± 7.2 | 33.3 ± 6.8 | 27.4 ± 8.1 | < .001 |
| IGF-1 (ng/ml) | 125.4 ± 66.1 | 128.4 ± 67.8 | 103.3 ± 47.0 | 0.025 |
| Ln (IGF-1) (ng/ml) | 4.72 ± 0.48 | 4.74 ± 0.47 | 4.52 ± 0.51 | 0.005 |
| High risk of sudden death [n (%)] | 181 (53.7%) | 150 (50.7%) | 31 (75.6%) | 0.003 |
| ACEi [n (%)] | 181 (53.7%) | 164 (55.4%) | 17 (41.5%) | 0.34 |
| ARBs [n (%)] | 95 (28.3%) | 87 (29.4%) | 8 (19.5%) | 0.31 |
| β-blockers [n (%)] | 303 (90.0%) | 267 (90.0%) | 36 (87.8%) | 0.91 |
| MRA [n (%)] | 162 (48.0%) | 142 (48.0%) | 20 (47.8%) | 0.94 |
| ICD | 95 (52.5%) | 123 (41.6%) | 23 (56.1) | 0.28 |
Data are reported as number (percentage) or number ± SD (standard deviation). BNP and IGF-1 values were log-transformed before entering the comparison analyses because of their non-normal distribution. Renal function stages were reduced to three because of the small size of the sample considering patients with severe Chronic Kidney Disease (stage IV-V)
HF Heart Failure, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, BNP Brain Natriu-retic Peptide, IGF-1 Insuline-like Growth Factor-1; ACEi ACE inhibitors, ARBs Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, MRA Mineralcorticoid Receptor Antagonists, ICD Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator