Table 1.
Clinical studies reporting etiology of failure in primary ACLR
| Authors | Year | Number of failed ACLR | Graft choice | Trauma | Technical | Biological | Combination | Other/not reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alm et al. [11] | 2020 | 111 | NR | 16.2% | 83.8% | 0.0% | 60.4% | 0.0% |
| Attia et al. [12] | 2020 | 11 | HT | 81.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 18.2% |
| Batailler et al. [13] | 2018 | 3 | NR | 33.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 66.7% |
| Boyle et al. [50] | 2019 | 51 | BTB, HT | 62.7% | 25.5% | 11.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Byrne et al. [14] | 2021 | 59 | NR | 52.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 47.5% |
| Christino et al. [15] | 2020 | 90 | HT (58.8%), BTB (15.3%), QT (1.2%), allograft (24.8%) | 87.8% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 11.1% |
| Desai et al. [16] | 2019 | 18 | HT | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Dini et al. [17] | 2021 | 17 | Allograft (17.6%), HT (58.8%), BTB (17.6%), synthetic ligament (5.9%) | 76.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 23.5% |
| Favreau et al. [18] | 2020 | 14 | Fascia lata autograft (85.7%), BTB (14.3%) | 85.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 14.3% |
| Gupta et al. [19] | 2019 | 8 | BTB (12.5%), HT (87.5%) | 75.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 25.0% |
| Hansson et al. [20] | 2021 | 24 | NR | 87.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 12.5% |
| Iio et al. [21] | 2017 | 21 | BTB | 66.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 33.3% |
| Imbert et al. [53] | 2017 | 26 | HT (80%), BTB (17%), QT (3%) | 73.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 27.0% |
| Inderhaug et al. [22] | 2017 | 38 | BTB (5%), HT (95%) | 23.7% | 5.3% | 2.6% | 0.0% | 71.1% |
| Jaecker et al. [23••] | 2018 | 110 | HT (80.9%), BTB (16.4%), QT (0.9%), allograft (1.8%) | 29.1% | 64.5% | 6.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Jaecker et al. [24] | 2018 | 79 | HT (86%), BTB (14%) | 16.5% | 53.2% | 11.4% | 0.0% | 19.0% |
| Lee et al. [25] | 2019 | 87 | NR | 83.9% | 16.1% | 0.0% | 78.2% | 0.0% |
| Lefevre et al. [10] | 2017 | 63 | NR | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Mantell et al. [26] | 2019 | 12 | Allograft | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Nagai et al. [29] | 2020 | 21 | NR | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Nagaraj et al. [30] | 2019 | 33 | BTB, HT | 63.6% | 36.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Ouillette et al. [31] | 2019 | 57 | BTB (29.8%), QT (5.3%), allograft (64.9%) | 89.5% | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 8.7% |
| Pennock et al. [49] | 2017 | 7 | HT (85.7%), HT+allograft (14.3%) | 71.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 28.6% |
| Perelli et al. [32] | 2019 | 2 | HT | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Putnis et al. [33] | 2021 | 9 | HT | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Ragab et al. [28] | 2020 | 59 | HT (67.8%), BTB (22%), QT (1.7%), synthetic ligament (8.5%) | 44.1% | 30.5% | 25.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Rayes et al. [34] | 2022 | 36 | BTB (22.2%), HT (8.3%) | 88.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 11.1% |
| Redler et al. [35] | 2018 | 118 | BTB (40.7%), HT (54.2%), allograft (5.1%) | 40.7% | 48.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 11.0% |
| Roach et al. [27] | 2021 | 16 | BTB (100%) | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Saper et al. [36] | 2018 | 21 | BTB | 81.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 19.0% |
| Schlumberger et al. [52] | 2017 | 73 | HT (99%), QT (1%) | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Sonnery-Cottet et al. [37] | 2021 | 15 | BTB, HT | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Takazawa et al. [38] | 2017 | 18 | HT | 83.3% | 0.0% | 16.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Tang et al. [39] | 2020 | 20 | HT | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Tulloch et al. [40] | 2019 | 15 | NR | 73.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 26.7% |
| Vincelot-Chainard et al. [41] | 2021 | 39 | QT (0.02%) HT (64.1%), BTB (28%) | 92.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 7.7% |
| Vindfeld et al. [42] | 2020 | 100 | BTB, HT | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| von Recum et al. [43] | 2020 | 37 | HT | 48.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 51.4% |
| White et al. [44] | 2021 | 91 | BTB (23.1%), HT (65.9%), allograft (6.6%), synthetic ligament (4.4%) | 31.9% | 38.5% | 13.2% | 16.5% | 0.0% |
| Winkler et al. [45] | 2022 | 102 | HT (42%), allograft (25%), QT (<0.01%) | 67.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 32.4% |
| Yoon et al. [51] | 2020 | 62 | HT (12.9%), allograft (77.4%), mixed (9.7%) | 48.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 51.6% |
| Yumashev et al. [46] | 2021 | 218 | BTB (44%), HT (38%), synthetic ligament (18%) | 88.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 11.9% |
| Zaffagnini et al. [47] | 2018 | 26 | Allograft (100%) | 65.4% | 19.2% | 15.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Total | 2073 |
Combination, multiple causes attributed to failure; NR, not reported; HT, hamstring tendon graft; BTB, bone patellar tendon bone graft; QT, quads tendon graft