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. 2022 Sep 9;5(9):e2230853. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30853

Table 5. Adjusted Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression With Social Risk Domains in Blocks for 2 or More Poorly Controlled CVD Risk Outcomesa.

At least 2 poorly controlled CVD risks, OR (95% CI)
Model 1b Model 2c Model 3d Model 4e Model 5f
Economic stability
Medication cost–related nonadherence 1.31 (0.93-1.85) 1.33 (0.94-1.87) 1.24 (0.88-1.75) 1.23 (0.87-1.74) 1.22 (0.86-1.73)
Difficulty paying bills 1.31 (0.79-2.18) 1.32 (0.79-2.20) 1.26 (0.75-2.10) 1.24 (0.74-2.08) 1.28 (0.77-2.14)
Financial hardship 1.08 (0.62-1.88) 1.07 (0.61-1.86) 1.08 (0.62-1.89) 1.08 (0.62-1.89) 0.98 (0.56-1.72)
Lowest-quartile income or assets 1.32 (1.02-1.70)a 1.27 (0.98-1.65) 1.25 (0.96-1.62) 1.25 (0.96-1.62) 1.19 (0.90-1.58)
Employment adversity 0.95 (0.70-1.28) 0.95 (0.70-1.28) 0.94 (0.70-1.27) 0.93 (0.69-1.26) 0.84 (0.61-1.15)
Neighborhood or built environment
Food insecurity 0.80 (0.51-1.24) 0.80 (0.51-1.24) 0.81 (0.52-1.26) 0.80 (0.51-1.25) 0.78 (0.50-1.21)
Neighborhood physical disorder 1.06 (0.79-1.44) 1.05 (0.78-1.43) 1.07 (0.78-1.44) 1.05 (0.78-1.43) 1.04 (0.76-1.41)
Lack of neighborhood social cohesion 1.15 (0.85-1.55) 1.14 (0.85-1.55) 1.13 (0.83-1.53) 1.12 (0.83-1.52) 1.07 (0.79-1.45)
Adverse social support 1.22 (0.96-1.55) 1.22 (0.96-1.55) 1.21 (0.96-1.54) 1.17 (0.91-1.50) 1.11 (0.86-1.42)
Education access
Lack of education NA 1.18 (0.90-1.55) 1.18 (0.90-1.54) 1.18 (0.90-1.55) 1.27 (0.95-1.68)
Health care access
Lack of health insurance NA NA 2.35 (1.74-3.18)a 2.35 (1.74-3.18)a 1.72 (1.26-2.37)a
Social or community context
Depression NA NA NA 0.99 (0.73-1.33) 1.11 (0.82-1.51)
Perceived everyday discrimination NA NA NA 1.18 (0.91-1.51) 1.11 (0.86-1.44)
Covariates
High blood pressure NA NA NA NA 1.16 (0.87-1.53)
Cancer NA NA NA NA 0.50 (0.34-0.74)a
Lung disease NA NA NA NA 0.95 (0.66-1.36)
Heart disease NA NA NA NA 1.09 (0.84-1.41)
Stroke NA NA NA NA 0.83 (0.54-1.28)
Emotional or psychiatric problems NA NA NA NA 0.80 (0.59-1.08)
Arthritis NA NA NA NA 0.88 (0.69-1.13)
Dementia NA NA NA NA 1.28 (0.50-3.31)
Age, y
60-74 NA NA NA NA 0.64 (0.49-0.85)a
≥75 NA NA NA NA 0.41 (0.28-0.60)a
Race and ethnicityg
Non-Hispanic Black NA NA NA NA 1.27 (0.95-1.70)
Other NA NA NA NA 1.15 (0.84-1.58)
Married or living with a partner NA NA NA NA 0.93 (0.72-1.20)
Sex
Male NA NA NA NA 1 [Reference]
Female NA NA NA NA 0.74 (0.58-0.94)a

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.

a

P < .05.

b

Model 1 included economic stability variables and neighborhood or built environment variables.

c

Model 2 included economic stability variables, neighborhood or built environment variables, and education access variables.

d

Model 3 included economic stability variables, neighborhood or built environment variables, education access variables, and health care access variables.

e

Model 4 included economic stability variables, neighborhood or built environment variables, education access variables, health care access variables, and social or community context variables.

f

Model 5 included economic stability variables, neighborhood or built environment variables, education access variables, health care access variables, social or community context variables, and covariates.

g

Race and ethnicity were self-identified by participants. Other race and ethnicity groups included American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.