Table 1.
Participant questionnaire data showing mean scores for anxiety and depression before and after using heart rate variability biofeedback (N=15).
| Participants (aged 13-24 years) | Before the intervention, mean (SD) | After the intervention, mean (SD) | Mean difference (SD) | Coefficient, r | t test (df) | P value (2-tailed) | Cohen d (adjusted) | ||
| Anxiety | |||||||||
|
|
BYI-Aa (children: n=7) | 24.43 (8.98) | 14.43 (10.97) | 10.00 (10.39) | 0.472 | 2.55 (6) | .04 | 0.99 | |
|
|
BAIb (adults: n=8) | 21.12 (11.2) | 15.00 (11.49) | 6.12 (4.39) | 0.925 | 3.95 (7) | .006 | 0.54 | |
| Depression | |||||||||
|
|
BYI-Dc (children: n=7) | 20.43 (14.04) | 13.71 (14.16) | 6.71 (9.53) | 0.077 | 1.86 (6) | .11 | 0.48 | |
|
|
BDId (adultse: n=7) | 17.0 (12.74) | 13.86 (10.91) | 3.14 (4.85) | 0.928 | 1.72 (6) | .14 | 0.25 | |
aBYI-A: Beck Youth Inventory, Anxiety scale.
bBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.
cBYI-D: Beck Youth Inventory, Depression scale.
dBDI: Beck Depression Inventory.
eAn adult participant did not complete the depression questionnaire.