Table 4.

Summary of included studies

Character of studies						Character of patients
Author, year	State	Study period	Institution/cohort	Proportion of Han Chinese	Type of studY	Sample size	Period (months)	Mortality n (%)	AUC (95% CI)
PATHFx, 2022	Taiwan	2014–2019	NTUH	98%	Validation	356	1	17 (5)	0.71 (0.58–0.84)
							3	63 (18)	0.66 (0.59–0.73)
							6	108 (30)	0.65 (0.59–0.71)
							12	167 (47)	0.69 (0.64–0.75)
							18	191 (54)	0.68 (0.62–0.75)
							24	204 (72)	0.67 (0.60–0.74)
Forsberg, 2011	USA	1999–2003	MSKCC	1.5%	Developmental	189	3	60 (32)	0.85 (0.80–0.93)
							12	110 (58)	0.83 (0.77–0.90)
Ashley, 2019 a	USA	2012–2016	MDR	1.5%	Validation	192	1	6 (3)	0.82 (0.68–0.95)
							3	35 (18)	0.83 (0.77–0.90)
							6	65 (34)	0.79 (0.73–0.86)
							12	105 (55)	0.79 (0.73–0.86)
							18	129 (67)	0.79 (0.72–0.86)
							24	137 (71)	0.76 (0.69–0.84)
Ashley, 2019 a	USA	2016–2018	IBMR	1.5%	Validation	197	1	17 (7)	0.70 (0.58–0.82)
							3	71 (36)	0.77 (0.70–0.84)
							6	102 (52)	0.77 (0.70–0.83)
							12	129 (66)	0.78 (0.71–0.85)
							18	151 (77)	0.79 (0.71–0.86)
							24	160 (81)	0.82 (0.75–0.90)
Forsberg, 2012	Scandinavia	1999–2009	SSMR	0.40%	Validation	815	3	258 (32)	0.79 (0.76–0.82)
							12	574 (70)	0.76 (0.72–0.80)
Piccioli, 2015	Italy	2010–2013	OORC	0.53%	Validation	287	3	20 (7)	0.80 (0.72–0.88)
							12	106 (37)	0.77 (0.72–0.82)
Ogura, 2017	Japan	2009–2015	NCCH, CIH, UTH, TUH, JUH	0.78%	Validation	261	1	21 (8)	0.77 (0.63–0.86)
							3	43 (17)	0.80 (0.72–0.87)
							6	82 (31)	0.83 (0.77–0.89)
							12	109 (42)	0.80 (0.75–0.86)
Meares, 2019	Australia	2003–2014	RNC, JHH	5.6%	Validation	114	3	38 (33)	0.70 (0.69–0.70)
							6	56 (49)	0.70 (0.69–0.70)
							12	79 (69)	0.71 (0.70–0.71)
							24	95 (83)	0.75 (0.74–0.75)

^aThese 2 cohorts came from the same study.

Abbreviations: NTUH = National Taiwan University Hospital; USA = United States of America; MSKCC = Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; MDR = Military Health System Data Repository; IMBR = International Bone Metastasis Registry; SSMR = Scandinavian Skeletal Metastasis Registry; OORC = 13 orthopedic oncology referral centers; NCCH = National Cancer Center Hospital; CIH = Cancer Institute Hospital; UTH = University of Tokyo Hospital; TUH = Teikyo University Hospital; JUH = Juntendo University Hospital; RNC = Royal Newcastle Centre; JHH = John Hunter Hospital; AUC = area under the receiver operating characteristics curve; CI = confidence interval.